Table 1.
Mean parameters of the circadian rhythms of the sleep wake cycle.
Table 2.
Mean actigraphy parameters (M±SD for the whole week, weekdays and weekends.
Table 3.
Mean sleep parameters (M±SD) estimated by sleep analysis for the whole week, weekdays, and weekends.
Fig 1.
Salivary cortisol profiles are shown for Patients (black) and Controls (grey). * indicates a significant effect of time of day. § indicates a significant difference between groups.
Table 4.
Estimated parameters (intercept and slope) of salivary cortisol for control and patients.
Table 5.
Mean parameters of the circadian rhythms of the salivary cortisol.
Fig 2.
Temperature COSINOR curves (blue) and smoothed curves by local polynomial regression (function “LOESS” in red) for Patients (upper pattern) and Control group (lower pattern). The solid blue lines corresponds to results from the estimated cosinor function The dashed lines around the solid line correspond to a confidence band of level for the estimated cosinor curve. Solid red lines result from local polynomial regression (with span parameter α = 0.25). As before, dashed red lines correspond to the borders of the confidence band of level
. Thus, areas in which the two confidence bands do not overlap indicate a difference between the two functions with confidence level 95%. The highest and lowest values estimated by the LOESS method are respectively observed at 4:29 PM and 7:40 AM (although a nearly equally low minimum is already attained much earlier in the morning). The deviations were marginal since the local smoother mostly overlaps the COSINOR modeling only around 5:00 AM and 8:00 AM and around 4:00 PM and 7:00 PM. More precisely, the local smoother indicates that the temperature remains at a lower level than the COSINOR in the morning, with the largest difference attained at about 6:30 AM. In the following hours, the temperature rises faster than the COSINOR captures, and attains its steady state about 12:40 PM. In the following hours, the temperature remains relatively stable at a high level, roughly between 37.25 and 37.35°C. Then, in the evening at about 9:10 PM, the temperature drops, and the decline is stronger than the COSINOR is able to capture.
Fig 3.
Body temperature rhythms and phase.
(A) Circadian rhythm of gastrointestinal temperature: Mean values (-) and SD (grey line) recorded every 60 s is shown for Patients (upper panel) and Controls (lower panel). The dashed blue lines represent modeling using the COSINOR method. Dark frame represents the sleeping period in the laboratory. (B) Individual acrophases of temperature in Controls (◇) and Patients (●). The 6th control participant was removed from the analyses. The F-test revealed a larger variability (p<0.05) in the time of acrophase in Patients compared to Controls.
Table 6.
COSINOR analysis performed on all data for each group.
Fig 4.
Timing between circadian rhythms and sleep.
Association between the timing of acrophase of temperature (h) and sleep onset (h) recorded during the 15-day actigraphy in Patients (upper panel) and in Controls (lower panel) groups.