Table 1.
Landsat TM/ETM+ data used in the study.
Fig 1.
Flow chart of urban expansion analysis process.
Note: NSL, nighttime stable light; NDVI, normalized difference vegetation index; LST, land surface temperature; SVM, Support Vector Machine.
Fig 2.
Correlation between annual growth in urban land area and annual growth in urban population and gross domestic product (GDP) between 1992 and 2015.
(a) Correlation between urban land area and urban population; (b) Correlation between urban land area and GDP.
Fig 3.
Accuracy assessment of urban expansion between 1992 and 2015.
Fig 4.
Urban expansion in China between 1992 and 2015.
(a) Spatial patterns of urban land; (b) Change in urban land area; (c) Percentage of expanded urban land area in different urban growth modes; (d) Change in urban growth modes. Notes: Economic regions include Eastern Coastal China (ECC), Middle Reaches of the Yellow River (MRYLR), Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (MRYTR), Northern Coastal China (NCC), Northeast China (NEC), Northwest China (NWC), Southern Coastal China (SCC), and Southwest China (SWC). Urban agglomerations include Harbin-Changchun (HBCC), Central and Southern Liaoning (CSLN), Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), Shandong Peninsula (SDP), Guanzhong (GZH), Central plains (CPL), Jianghuai (JHU), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), Chengdu-Chongqing (CDCQ), Middle Yangtze (MYZ), Western Taiwan Straits (WTS), Southern Guangxi (SGX), Pearl River Delta (PRD), and Northern Tianshan Mountains (NTM).
Table 2.
Urban expansion in China between 1992 and 2015.
Fig 5.
Urban expansion between 1992 and 2015 across economic regions.
(a) Expanded urban land area; (b) Annual growth rate of urban land; (c) Percentage of expanded urban land area in different urban growth modes. Dotted line represents regional average. Note: Please refer to Fig 4 for names of economic regions.
Fig 6.
Urban expansion between 1992 and 2015 across urban agglomerations.
(a) Expanded urban land area; (b) Annual growth rate of urban land; (c) Percentage of expanded urban land area under different urban growth modes. Dotted line represents the regional average. Note: Please refer to Fig 4 for corresponding urban agglomeration names.
Table 3.
Urban expansion across urban agglomerations between 1992 and 2015.
Fig 7.
Occupied land during urban expansion between 1992 and 2015.
(a) In China; (b) By economic region; (c) By urban agglomeration. Note: Please refer to Fig 4 for names of economic regions and urban agglomerations.
Fig 8.
Cropland loss caused by urban expansion in different urban growth modes.
(a) In China; (b) By economic region; (c) By urban agglomeration. Note: Please refer to Fig 4 for names of economic regions and urban agglomerations.