Table 1.
Summary of genetic diversity measures of accessions based on polymorphic SSRs.
Fig 1.
STRUCTURE analysis of all faba individual plants organized by species and regions.
Clustering of faba individual plants based on multilocus analysis using the package STRUCTURE. Three levels of analysis are displayed A) all cultivated and wild accessions; B) cultivated accessions; C) Portuguese accessions. The two best fitting models according to Evanno’s ΔK are shown for each level. Accessions are organized by taxa and by region of provenance. Each individual is represented by a vertical line segmented into K colored sections. The length of each colored section is proportional to the membership coefficient (Q) of the individual accession to each one of the K clusters. Thin black vertical lines separate different regions.
Table 2.
Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA).
Fig 2.
Isolation-By-Distance test for all cultivated and wild accessions.
Testing Isolation-By-Distance (IBD) by plotting pairwise geographic distances against pairwise FST (left) and pairwise genetic distances (D) (right) for each pair of accessions genotyped in the all cultivated and wild accessions. Regression line and r2 values are shown in blue with the grey shading representing the 99% confidence region for the regression fit.
Fig 3.
PCA analysis of allele frequencies from individuals and accessions.
Plot of the 1st and 2nd components of a PCA analysis based on the individual (left panels) and accession (right panels) allele frequencies of polymorphic SSR markers. Each point represents an individual (left panels) or accession (right panels), with different symbols for the different taxa and each colored according to the region of provenance as described in its passport data. Three levels of analysis are displayed upper panel) all cultivated and wild accessions; middle panel) cultivated accessions; lower panel) Portuguese accessions. The proportion of variance explained by each component is given under brackets with each axis. The names of the accessions are provided with each point.
Fig 4.
Consensus Neighbour-Joining tree for all wild and cultivated accessions.
Consensus boot-strapped Neighbour-Joining tree of faba bean accessions based on the allele frequencies of polymorphic SSRs for all wild and cultivated accessions. The tree was constructed from Nei’s (D) genetic distances with 100 bootstrap replicates. The number of times the same node is retrieved in 1000 different trees is represented in each branch. The wild V. narbonensis and V. johannis accessions are coloured in blue; V. faba accessions form Portugal are shown in green, from Spain in orange, from Morocco in red and from the East (Egypt and Ethiopia) in purple.