Fig 1.
Map of 27 Pinus rigida seed sources from the provenance study.
The diamond indicates the location of the Brendan T. Byrne plantation site in New Jersey. Light gray represents the P. rigida range [48].
Table 1.
List of seed sources and relevant statistics.
Fig 2.
Left: Annual percentage of total missing rings across all series (including all seed sources; gray), local seed sources (< 55 km away from the plantation site; orange), and distant seed sources (>55 km from the plantation; red). Right: Scanned image of pitch pine cores with lines pointing to the year 1992, which is apparent in the far-left tree core as a micro ring, almost imperceptible in the middle core, and clearly evident in the far right core.
Fig 3.
Percentage of missing rings for different seed source groups.
The percentage of missing rings for all trees from the five northernmost, southernmost, local, coldest, warmest, and most distant seed sources. The percentage of missing rings for each tree was determined over the period 1980–2009.
Fig 4.
The percentage of total eighth sections showing absent (black), pinching (medium gray), or fully present (light gray) rings for the discs along different heights of the stem of Volunteer trees. The basal (B), middle (M), and top (T) sections are shown. Fewer than six trees extended before 1994 for the top disc sample, therefore we truncated the analysis at that year for the top stem sample only. All of the basal and middle sections extended prior to 1990.
Fig 5.
Seed source average growth through time.
Average yearly tree-ring width and 95% bootstrap confidence intervals of trees from the five northernmost, southernmost, local, coldest, warmest, and most distant seed sources.
Fig 6.
(A) Correlations between monthly maximum temperature/monthly precipitation and average ring-width index from all seed sources combined. Pearson correlation coefficients were computed from 1980–2009 and the years 1992–1994 were not included. The dashed lines denote the 95% confidence limit (2-tailed test). (B) Comparison between July precipitation (gray) and average ring width (orange) index from 1980–2009, with dashed lines indicating major missing ring events.
Fig 7.
New Jersey defoliation damage in October-November 1991.
The gray represents the extent of pine looper defoliation damage. The black dot is the location of the Brendan T. Byrne State Forest.