Fig 1.
a. The dot pattern, b. The subjective visual vertical, and c. Flow chart of the procedure. Participants took part in two sessions following this procedure. In one session the dot pattern remained stationary during exposure (still session), while in the other session the dot pattern rotated (moving session).
Table 1.
Misery Scale (MISC) after Bos et al. [37].
Fig 2.
a. The sway path length (SPL) in mm (±SEM) and b. Standard deviation in mediolateral direction (SDML) in mm (±SEM) for both groups and all measurement types. VVM patients always exhibited a higher SPL and SDML than healthy controls. VVM patients were significantly more affected by visual deprivation (i.e. eyes closed versus eyes open) than healthy controls. Significant differences at p < .05, p < .01 and p < .0001 are indicated with *, **, and ***, respectively. EC: eyes closed; EO: eyes open; OK: optokinetic.
Table 2.
Difference contrasts for the interaction between group and measurement type separated for each group for SPL.
Table 3.
Difference contrasts for the interaction between group and measurement type separated for each group for SDML.
Fig 3.
a. The sway path length (SPL) in mm (±SEM) and b. Standard deviation in mediolateral direction (SDML) in mm (±SEM) for both groups and sessions. VVM patients always exhibited a higher SPL and SDML than healthy controls. Both VVM patients and controls had a higher SPL and SDML due to exposure to optokinetic stimulation compared to eyes open. Significant differences at p < .05 are indicated with *.
Fig 4.
a. Median MISC rate and b. Median SSQ total score (TS) with the symptom cluster scores depicted in the inset. VVM patients always reported more severe symptoms than controls. Both VVM patients and controls reported an increase in symptom severity due to exposure to optokinetic stimulation. Significant differences at p < .05 and p < .01 are indicated with * and **, respectively
Table 4.
Wilcoxon signed rank tests as a follow-up for significant Friedman tests for the MISC.
Table 5.
Wilcoxon signed rank tests as a follow-up for significant Friedman tests for the SSQ.