Fig 1.
Finite element model of the foot and ankle complex.
Finite element model of the foot and ankle complex showing the top and side view of the parts geometry and demonstrating the boundary and load conditions used in the simulation.
Fig 2.
Validation of finite element model by comparing to existing literature.
Comparison of finite element prediction and cadaveric experiment results from Funk et al., 2002 on ground reaction force (GRF) and tibial reaction force (TRF) under pure impact and impact with Achilles tendon loaded. (S1 Table)
Fig 3.
Ground reaction force (GRF) and tibial reaction force (TRF) under different impact velocity (2.0–7.0 m/s).
(S2 Table).
Fig 4.
Von Mises stress of calcaneus and talus.
(a) Cross section view of von Mises stress of the calcaneus and talus at 5.0 m/s impact velocity. Orange arrows indicate compressive stress. Cyan arrows indicate tensile stress. (c) X-ray of a typical patient with calcaneus fracture due to high compressive load. Arrows indicate regions of fractures.
Fig 5.
Von Mises and Tresca stresses of the calcaneus and talus trabecular at different impact velocities.
Fig 6.
Maximum von Mises and Tresca stress with yielding volume of trabecular calcaneus against impact velocity.
(S3 Table).
Fig 7.
Maximum von Mises and Tresca stress with yielding volume of trabecular talus against impact velocity.
(S4 Table).