Fig 1.
Steps undertaken to develop the Child Odor in Parenting scale (COPs).
All the respondents were derived from the target population. None of the respondents participated in the survey more than once.
Table 1.
Child Odor in Parenting scale (COPs).
Fig 2.
Factor structure of the Child Odor in Parenting scale (COPs) (n = 888).
Abbreviated questionnaire items, standardized factor loadings, and correlation coefficients are presented for each body part. Item number corresponds to those shown in Table 1. Information on model fit for the selected models as well as for the alternative models is provided in S1 Table. Instrumental factors are shown in blue, and the Affective factors are in pink.
Table 2.
Measures used to examine concurrent validity of the Child Odor in Parenting scale (COPs).
Table 3.
Correlation between scores for the Child Odor in Parenting scale (COPs) and related measures (n = 888).
Fig 3.
Cumulative bar chart showing differences in scores for the Child Odor in Parenting (COPs) subscales across child age groups.
Scores on the COPs subscales are summarized for six demographic groups (i.e., parents’ sex and child age groups; total n = 888). Scores for subscales comprised of the Instrumental factor are shown in blue, and for the Affective factor in pink. Scores for subscales were calculated by averaging 5-point rating scores across items (0, no expreience; 4, everyday, see Table 1 for detail). The Kruskal–Wallis test followed by a pair-wise Mann-Whitney test with Bonferroni correction was used to examine differences among child-age groups within each sex (father/mother). *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001. Comparisons between sex and body parts are shown in S1 and S2 Figs.
Table 4.
Final models predicting Bottom and Head-affective scores obtained by stepwise regression analysis (n = 888).