Table 1.
Epidemiological data of the study cohort in Panamanian ARV drug-experienced and ARV drug-naïve HIV-1 subtype B subjects.
Table 2.
Clinical data of ARV drug-experienced Panamanian HIV-1 subtype B subjects according to presence or absence of CRM resistance mutations to ARV inhibitors.
Table 3.
Clinical data of ARV drug-naïve Panamanian HIV-1 subtype B subjects with and without SDRM.
Fig 1.
ADR-CRM and SDRM comparison by class of ARV inhibitors and of Tymidine-Analog-Mutations (TAM's) associated to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) in ARV drug-experienced subjects (n = 467) and ARV drug-naïve subjects (n = 250).
A, ADR-CRM and SDRM frequency associated to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI); TAMs position are indicated by an asterisk. B, ADR-CRM and SDRM frequency associated to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). C, ADR-CRM and SDRM frequency associated to protease inhibitor (PI). D, Proportion of subjects harboring one or more TAM according to subject´s drug use status. E, Frequency of mutations in ARV drug-experienced subjects with only one TAM. F, Frequency of mutations in ARV drug-naïve subjects with only one TAM. Graph bars colors are according to legend at top.
Fig 2.
ADR-CRM present in ARV drug-experienced subjects (n = 467) in use of or exposed to the specified ART scheme recommended as first-line, second-line or rescue-line schemes.
Proportion of subjects with ADR-CRM to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) or protease inhibitors (PI) (as explained at top right legend) under or exposed to ART schemes EFV+AZT+3TC or FTC (n = 206), EFV+TDF+3TC or FTC (n = 104), EFV or NVP plus any NRTI (n = 50), PI plus two NRTI (n = 60) and PI-based rescue-schemes (n = 27). a, PI: ATV, IDV/r, NFV/r, DRV/r, LVP or LPV/r. b, NRTI: any combination of DDI, D4T, 3TC, FTC, AZT.
Fig 3.
Frequency and patterns of ADR-CRM to ARV drugs class of reverse transcriptase (NRTI/NNRTI) and protease inhibitors (PI) in ARV drug-experienced subjects (n = 467) according to ART scheme.
A, Subjects under or exposed to first-line scheme EFV + AZT + 3TC or FTC (n = 206). B, Subjects under or exposed to first-line scheme EFV + TDF + 3TC or FTC (n = 104). C, Subjects under or exposed to alternative first-line scheme EFV or NVP + 2 NRTIb (n = 50). D, Subjects under or exposed to second-line scheme 1 PIa + 2 NRTIb (n = 60). E, Subjects under or exposed to rescue-line scheme 1 PIa + 1 NNRTI + 1 NRTI (n = 27). a, PI: ATV, IDV/r, NFV/r, DRV/r, LVP or LPV/r. b, NRTI: any combination of DDI, D4T, 3TC, FTC, AZT.
Fig 4.
Annual prevalence of SDRM and acquired drug resistance ADR-CRM in ARV drug-naïve and ARV drug-experienced Panamanian HIV-1 subtype B infected subjects.
A, Prevalence of SDRM by year of diagnosis from 1998 to 2013 in ARV drug-naïve subjects (n = 250). B, Prevalence of ADR-CRM by date of sampling from 2008 to 2013 in ARV drug-experienced subjects (n = 467).Graph line colors are according to legend at right respectively. Only statistically significant p values are shown.
Fig 5.
Level of ARV drug resistance according to each class of reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors in Panamanian HIV-1 subtype B infected subjects.
A, Level of ARV drug resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) in ARV drug-experienced subjects (n = 467). B, Level of ARV drug resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) in ARV drug-naïve subjects (n = 250). C, Level of ARV drug resistance to protease inhibitor (PI) in ARV drug-naïve and ARV drug-experienced subjects. *, means frequency of subjects with <3%. Bar colors are according to legend at top.