Table 1.
Specimens sequenced for this study, including locality, collector, museum voucher number, isolate code, and GenBank accession numbers (H3, 16S, COI, 18S).
Table 2.
Simplified sequence groupings for AMOVA and FST Analysis determined based on geographic distribution.
Fig 1.
Bayesian consensus tree of the concatenated analysis including posterior probabilities (pp) and bootstrap values from the maximum likelihood (mlb) analysis.
Only values >0.5 (pp) or 50 (mlb) are provided.
Fig 2.
Haplotype network showing three distinct groups.
Each circle represents a unique haplotype and the size of each circle indicates how many specimens share that haplotype, the larger the circle the more specimens sharing an identical haplotype. Each line between haplotypes indicates a single nucleotide polymorphism.
Table 3.
Results of the two AMOVA analyses conducted using seven predetermined populations listed in Table 2; in the first analysis western Pacific populations and eastern Pacific populations were grouped separately (East vs. West) to test for genetic differentiation across the Pacific Ocean; in the second analysis the populations were grouped according to the three clades (species) recovered in the phylogenetic and ABGD analyses (three species) to test for genetic differentiation among and between the three species here recognized.
Table 4.
Matrix of the population group comparisons results, with ΦST values (lower triangular) and associated p values (upper triangular).
Fig 3.
Morphological differences in specimens of H. crassicornis here examined.
(A) Long Beach, California. (B) Bodega Bay, California. (C) Bodega Bay, California. (D) Sitka, Alaska. (E) Victoria, British Columbia. (F), Chiba, Japan. (G) Muroran, Japan.
Fig 4.
SEM images of H. opalescens from southern California.
(A) Radula, dorsal view with ventral denticles of the cusp visible in some teeth. (B) Jaw (B). (C, E) Jaw masticatory border. (D) Lateral view of the radular teeth with ventral denticles of the cusp visible.
Fig 5.
SEM images of H. emurai from Japan.
(A) Radular teeth, dorsal view. (B) Radular teeth, view of the ventral side of the cusp showing the denticles. (C) Jaw. (D) Masticatory border of the jaw.
Fig 6.
SEM images of H. crassicornis from Washington.
(A) Radular teeth, dorsal view. (B) Radular tooth showing the ventral denticles of the cusp. (C) Jaw. (D) Masticatory border of the jaw.
Fig 7.
Original illustrations of the species recognized in this study.
(A) Cavolina crassicornis by Eschscholtz [60]. (B) Hermissenda opalescens by Cockerell & Elliot [55]. (C) Cuthona (Hervia) emurai by Baba [61].