Table 1.
Distribution of subjects within the packs for both study periods.
Table 2.
Ethogram of behaviors coded in the play context, adapted from previous studies [7,8,26].
Table 3.
Ethogram used to determine the rank relationships outside of the play context.
Adapted from the Wolf Science Center Social Behavior Ethogram.
Table 4.
Summary of the values of the two main properties of the behavioral category analyzed for each pack: the improved linearity index (h') and the directional consistency index (DCI).
Fig 1.
(a and b). Win Ratios for each Pack Type.
A win ratio of "0" would represent complete symmetry, with each partner being in the 'winning' position an equal amount of times. A win ratio of '1' or ‘-1’ is complete asymmetry, with one individual being in the ‘winning’ position the entire time the dyad was seen playing. Dyad names are listed arbitrarily, however a win ratio of less than ‘0’ represents a dyad where the win ratio is skewed towards the individual who is subordinate outside of play being in the ‘winning’ position most often inside of play. Fig 1a (above) represents dyads in the puppy packs, and Fig 1b (below) represents dyads in the mixed-age packs. Adult wolves are denoted with ** after their name.
Fig 2.
Win ratio for the adult/puppy and puppy/puppy pairs in the mixed-age packs.
* p<0.01.
Fig 3.
Frequency of self-handicapping behaviors by individuals in adult/puppy and puppy/puppy dyads in the mixed-age packs.
* p<0.001.
Fig 4.
Frequency of offensive behaviors by individuals in adult/puppy and puppy/puppy dyads in the mixed-age packs.
* p<0.001.