Fig 1.
Coleoid statoliths observed in anterior view.
The figure shows both the “main part” and the “wing” (which is not observable in posterior view). Left: basic orientation of the right statolith. Arrow indicates standard statolith length measurement. Right: main anatomical parts of the (left) statolith.
Fig 2.
Geographical location of the four Lutetian localities (Thiverval-Grignon, Saint-Lubin-de-la-Haye, Maulette, and Fleury-la-Rivière) yielding statoliths.
The localities are indicated on the map of the extension of the Lutetian sediments (from [26] modified).
Fig 3.
Regional paleogeographical reconstruction for the Middle Lutetian.
Location of the four localities yielding statoliths (map from [30], modified).
Table 1.
Details of fossil statoliths studied here.
Fig 4.
Eocene (A-B) and Recent (C-E) statoliths of Sepia.
A. Sepia boleztkyi sp. nov. (Lutetian, Paris Basin), A1: holotype, view of anterior side, right statolith (MNHN.F.A53753), A2: paratype, view of anterior side, left statolith (MNHN.F.A53754). A3: view of anterior side, right statolith, partially broken (MNHN.F.A53755). A4: paratype, view of anterior side, left statolith, partially broken (MNHN.F.A53756). B.? Sepia pira sp. nov. (Lutetian, Paris Basin), holotype, view of anterior side, right statolith (MNHN.F.A53757). C. Sepia officinalis Linneaus, 1758, view of anterior side, right statolith (UBGD 30044 SD (CDN044 in [22]), immature male specimen from the western Mediterranean Sea (area of Banyuls-sur-Mer), mantle length: 67.66 mm. D. Sepia orbignyana Férussac, 1826, view of anterior side, right statolith (UBGD 30128 SD (CDN128 in [22]), mature male specimen from the western Mediterranean Sea (area of Banyuls-sur-Mer), mantle length: 67.59 mm. E. Sepia elegans Blainville, 1827, view of anterior side, right statolith (UBGD 30051 SD (CDN051 in [22]), mature female specimen from the western Mediterranean Sea (area of Banyuls-sur-Mer), mantle length: 41.96 mm.
Fig 5.
Anatomical overview of Lutetian statoliths.
Only main diagnostic features are indicated. A. Sepia boletzkyi sp. nov., holotype, view of anterior side, right statolith (MNHN.F.A53753). B.? Sepia pira sp. nov., holotype, view of anterior side, right statolith (MNHN.F.A53757). C. Loligo clarkei sp. nov., holotype, view of anterior side, left statolith (MNHN.F.A53745). D. Ommastrephidae genus indet., view of anterior side, right statolith (MNHN.F.A53758).
Fig 6.
Size is given for some recent species and for fossil species under study (see S2 Table), and compared to mantle length (ML) for recent species only. Recent specimens measured here are those used for morphometric analysis (see [22] and text).
Fig 7.
Eocene (A) and Recent (B) statoliths of Loligo. A1 to A5. Loligo clarkei n. sp. (Lutetian, Paris Basin), A1: holotype, view of anterior side, left statolith (MNHN.F.A53745), A2: paratype, view of anterior side, left statolith (MNHN.F.A53746), A3: paratype, view of anterior side, left statolith (MNHN.F.A53747), A4: paratype, view of anterior side, left statolith (MNHN.F.A53748), A5: view of anterior side, left statolith (MNHN.F.A53752). B. Loligo vulgaris Lamarck, 1798, B1: view of anterior side, left statolith (UBGD 30045 SG (CDN045 in [22]), immature specimen from the western Mediterranean Sea (area of Banyuls-sur-Mer), mantle length: 70.00 mm, B2: view of anterior side, left statolith (UBGD 30104 SG (CDN104 in [22]), mature male specimen from the western Mediterranean Sea (area of Banyuls-sur-Mer), mantle length: 235.00 mm.
Fig 8.
Eocene (A) and Recent (B-C) statoliths of Ommastrephidae. A1, A2. Ommastrephidae genus indet. (Lutetian, Paris Basin), A1: view of anterior side, right statolith (MNHN.F.A53758), A2: view of anterior side, left statolith (MNHN.F.A53759). B. Todaropsis sp, view of anterior side, right statolith (UBGD 30155 SD (CDN155 in [22]), specimen from the western Mediterranean Sea (area of Banyuls-sur-Mer), mantle length: 70.00 mm, C. Drawing of right statolith of Martialia hyadesi Rochebrune and Mabille, 1889 (from [55], modified).
Fig 9.
Paleogeographical distributions of the coleoids from their statolith fossil record.
Paleogeographical reconstructions modified and redrawn from [60]. Note that for simplification, we choose only one paleogeographical map for several geological ages. Species names and open nomenclature (see Text and S1 Table for further explanations) refer to published data and to the present publication (asterisk). Loligo clarkei sp. nov. (label #13) is known from the Paris Basin (this study) and from the east coast of North America under the name Loligo sp. A (in [12], see text and S1 Table) Doryteuthis opalescens (Berry, 1911) represented here on the map only for fossil specimens. A. Statoliths from Early Pliocene to Early Pleistocene (3 Mya paleogeographical map). B. Statoliths from Oligocene to Late Miocene (20 Mya paleogeographical map). C. Statoliths from Middle Eocene (50 Mya paleogeographical map). D. Statoliths from Early Jurassic to Late Jurassic (170 Mya paleogeographical map).