Table 1.
Subjects, voice classification and taxonomy according to Bunch and Chapman [61].
Fig 1.
Waveform (upper row) and audio spectrum (middle row) for the file after the first noise cancellation (Confon, left panel) and after the second noise cancellation (Adobe, right panel).
The waveforms include all three loudness tasks (mf = mezzoforte, pp = pianissimo, ff = fortissimo, respectively). The lowest row shows Long Time Average Spectra (LTAS) for both files, after the first noise cancellation (blue) and the second noise cancellation (red), respectively.
Fig 2.
Measured distances in each frame of the MRI material (red arrows), as described previously in detail [8–11,15].
The auxiliary lines are shown in green. LO (Lip Opening), JO (Jaw Opening), JP (Jaw Protrution) HPT (Highest Point Tongue), UE (Uvula Elevation), LP (vertical Larynx Position).
Fig 3.
Scatter plots for all articulatory measures for subject 8, mf task.
The original first rating is shown on the x-axis and the repeated measurements for the same rater (blue) and a different second rater (red), respectively, on the y-axis. The grey line refers to equivalence.
Table 2.
Mean average deviation (MAD) in mm and % for the intra-rater and inter-rater difference.
LO (Lip Opening), JO (Jaw Opening), JP (Jaw Protrusion) HPT (Highest Point Tongue), UE (Uvula Elevation), LP (vertical Larynx Position). The intra and inter-rater comparisons refer to the single subject 8, loudness mf.
Fig 4.
Representative mid-sagittal vocal tract profiles from a baritone (subject 10) for the different loudness tasks (mf = mezzoforte, upper row, pp = pianissimo middle row and ff = fortissimo, lowest row) for the pitches G3 (196Hz, left), C4 (262Hz, middle) and E4 (330Hz, right), respectively.
Fig 5.
Mean values for the lip opening, jaw opening, pharynx width and larynx position, respectively, with respect to fundamental frequency (Hz).
The green color refers to the sopranos, blue to mezzosopranos, red to tenors and grey to baritones. The differences in color intensity reflect the loudness condition: The darker the color, the louder the voice.
Table 3.
Kendall-Tau-b test for the description of the correlation between the scale degree and the articulatory data.
The table shows data for the different voice classifications, soprano, mezzosoprano, tenor and baritone, separately.
Fig 6.
Jaw opening versus lip opening for the mean values across each fundamental frequency.
The green color refers to the sopranos, blue to mezzo-sopranos, red to tenors and grey to baritones. The symbols reflect the loudness condition: circles = mf, triangles = pp, squares = ff.
Table 4.
Pearson-correlation which indicates correlation between different articulatory variables and with SPL as well as statistical significances for all articulatory data.
Fig 7.
Mean values for sound pressure level (dB) with respect to fundamental frequency (Hz).
The green color refers to the sopranos, blue to mezzo-sopranos, red to tenors and grey to baritones. The differences in color intensity reflect the loudness condition: the darker the color, the louder the voice.