Table 1.
Chemical composition of peel essential oils of four Citrus samples.
Fig 1.
Effects of C. limon, C. latifolia, C. limonia and C. aurantifolia essential oils on the formalin-induced licking response in mice.
Animals were pre-treated with oral doses of 100 mg/kg dose of each essential oil or vehicle. The results are presented as the mean ± S.D. (n = 6 per group) of the time that the animal spent licking the formalin-injected paw. Statistical significance was calculated by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's test. *P < 0.05 when compared to vehicle-treated mice.
Fig 2.
Effects of C. limon, C. limonia and C. aurantifolia essential oils on the formalin-induced licking response in mice.
Animals were pre-treated with oral doses (10, 30 or 100 mg/kg) of each essential oil, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, 100 mg/kg) or vehicle. The results are presented as the mean ± S.D. (n = 7 per group) of the time that the animal spent licking the formalin-injected paw. Statistical significance was calculated by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's test. *P < 0.05 when compared to vehicle-treated mice.
Fig 3.
Effects of C. limon, C. limonia and C. aurantifolia essential oils on leukocyte migration into the subcutaneous air pouch (SAP).
Animals were pretreated with different doses of the essential oils, dexamethasone (Dexa, 5 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle 1 h prior to carrageenan (1%) injection into the SAP. The results are presented as the mean ± S.D. (n = 10 per group) of cells (x 106/mL) in the SAP. Statistical significance was calculated by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's test. #P < 0.05 when comparing vehicle treated group that received carrageenan in the SAP with vehicle-treated animals that received PBS in SAP; *P < 0.05 when comparing essential oils-treated animals with that received carrageenan in the SAP with the group that only received carrageenan in the SAP.
Fig 4.
Effects of C. limon, C. limonia and C. aurantifolia essential oils on carrageenan-induced protein extravasation and nitric oxide (NO) production in a subcutaneous air pouch (SAP).
Animals were pre-treated with various doses (10, 30 or 100 mg/kg, p.o.) of EO, dexamethasone (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle. The results are presented as the mean ± S.D. (n = 10 per group). Statistical significance was calculated by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s test. #P < 0.05 when comparing the carrageenan-injected group with the PBS-injected group and *P < 0.05 when comparing EO or dexamethasone-treated groups with the vehicle-treated group.
Fig 5.
Effects of C. limon, C. aurantifolia and C. limonia essential oils on carrageenan-induced IL-1β, TNF-α and IFN-γ production in a subcutaneous air pouch (SAP).
Animals were pre-treated with various doses (10, 30 or 100 mg/kg, p.o.) of EO, dexamethasone (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle. The results are presented as the mean ± S.D. (n = 10 per group). Statistical significance was calculated by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s test. #P < 0.05 when comparing the carrageenan-injected group with the PBS-injected group and *P < 0.05 when comparing EO or dexamethasone-treated groups with the vehicle-treated group.
Fig 6.
Effects of pure citral on total leukocyte counts in blood and bone marrow.
Animals were pretreated with citral (2, 5 or 20 mg/kg) or vehicle 1 h prior to carrageenan (1%) injection into the SAP. The results are presented as the mean ± S.D. (n = 10 per group) of leukocytes (x 106/mL) in ex udate, blood or bone marrow. Statistical significance was calculated by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's test. *P < 0.05 when comparing citral-treated animals with carrageenan injected in the SAP with the group that received carrageenan in the SAP.
Fig 7.
Effect of limonene on formalin-induced licking and SAP models.
Animals were pretreated with various doses of limonene (5.5, 16.5 or 55 mg/kg) or vehicle 1 h prior to formalin (1%) or carrageenan (1%) injection. The results are presented as the mean ± S.D. (n = 6 per group). Statistical significance was calculated by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's test. *P < 0.05 when comparing essential oils-treated animals with carrageenan injected in the SAP with the group that received carrageenan in the SAP.