Table 1.
Taxon and GenBank accession numbers within the phylogenetic analysis.
Table 2.
Calibration points used for the estimation of the divergence times.
Fig 1.
Bayesian Phylogeny of scarab beetles (Scarabaeidae).
Taxa color-coded by scarab subfamily, with outgroups in grey (superfamily) and black (other beetles). Grey circles indicate polyphagous (P) and saprophagous (S) lifestyles. White circles represent the node priors A-S as per Table 2.* represents nodes for which divergence dates are inferred. See also S1 Fig for posterior probability and terminal names.
Fig 2.
Comparison of accumulation of Scarabaeidae in different divergence dating analyses.
(A) Penalized Likelihood (PL) method estimated in r8s using seven different calibration schemes (B) Bayesian methods estimated in MCMCTree using four different calibration schemes (bold) and shadowed by their corresponding PL estimate (pale).
Table 3.
Predicted ages of scarab lineages using different fossil calibrations and divergence dating programs.
Table 4.
Comparison of age estimates from CSi, CSiii and run1-4 of Ahrens et al. [18] for selected ingroup clades.
Table 5.
Cross validation of divergence dates estimated in r8s.
Table 6.
Crown group divergence times.
Fig 3.
Lineage through time (LTT) plots of scarab lineages.
LTTs are compared to the proportion of extant crown group angiosperm lineages as per Schneider et al. [115]. Shaded areas represent congruent estimates from analyses CS2, CS3, CSiii and CSiv estimated by Penalized Likelihood methods with divergence maxima plotted from CS2 and minima from CSiii.
Fig 4.
Lineage through time plots of scarab clades.
A) Melolonthinae (leaf feeders) B) CRD clade (specialist angiosperm feeders) C) Scarabaeinae (dung feeders). Shaded areas represent congruent estimates from analyses CS2, CS3, CSiii and CSiv estimated by Penalized Likelihood methods with divergence maxima plotted from CS2 and minima from CSiii.
Fig 5.
Scarab beetle diversification rates.
Diversification rates calculated using the method of moments [48] and three extinction rates (ε = 0, 0.5, 0.9) of A) dung beetle tribes * The tribes Coprini and Canthonini were not recovered as monophyletic so the node age of Scarabaeinae B was used to estimate diversification rate; B) scarab clades and subfamilies. * The subfamily Rutelinae was not recovered as monophyletic so the node age of Rutelinae+ Dynastinae was used to estimate diversification rate. F = Family clade, P = Phytophagous clade, S = Saprophagous clade.
Table 7.
Whole diversification rates estimated using the methods of moments [48].