Fig 1.
Effect of different solvent types on raspberry seed oil extraction under UAE.
Table 1.
Central composite design (CCD) for natural variable levels as well as experimental values of dependent responses of extraction yield and antioxidant capacity for raspberry seed oil using ultrasonic-assisted extraction.
Fig 2.
Pareto charts of standardized effects show significant variables on (a) extraction yield, (b) vitamin E, and (c) antioxidant capacity of raspberry seed oil obtained using ultrasonic-assisted extraction. The vertical dashed line indicated the level of significance at p = 0.05. L: linear effect; Q:quadratic effect.
Fig 3.
Three-dimensional surface and contour plots reflect the relationship of process variables on (a) extraction yield, (b) vitamin E content, and (c) antioxidant capacity of raspberry seed oil under ultrasonic-assisted extraction.
Fig 4.
(a) Overlapped contour plot for the optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of raspberry seed. (b) Scanning electron microscopy images of raspberry seed tissues before and after ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and Soxhlet extraction (SE) processing.
Fig 5.
Gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS) profile of essential oil from raspberry seed.
Peak 1, Linoleic acid; Peak 2, γ-Linolenic acid; Peak 3, γ-Tocopherol; Peak 4, α-Tocopherol; Peak 5, γ-Sitosterol.
Table 2.
Fatty acid compositions of ultrasonic-assisted extracted oil (UAE) and soxhlet extracted (SE) raspberry seed oil.
Fig 6.
Inhibitory effect of extract from raspberry seed on H2O2-induced production of intracellular ROS of UAE and SE.
RAW 264.7 macrophages were incubated in the presence or absence of H2O2. (A) The ROS levels in the macrophages were determined using fluorescence plate reader. The y axis of the ROS fluorescence represented the intensity of the fluorescent DCF in cell samples relative to unstained cells. The results are the means of three independent experiments. Bars with different alphabets are significantly different (P < 0.05). DC: H2O2-damaged group. (B) The ROS levels were monitored with laser scanning confocal microscope.