Table 1.
Continental origin of each haplogroup detected in the present study and haplogroup frequency distribution and haplotype diversity (HD) in the whole sample from Brazil as well as in the 5 studied samples from each geopolitical region.
Fig 1.
European (blue), African (green) and Native American (red) Y chromosome ancestry estimates in Brazilian admixed populations, obtained after adding all lineages from the same continental source and exclude those of unknown origin (which is the case of haplogroup E1b1b-M78).
Fig 2.
Multidimensional scaling plot of the pairwise FST genetic distances between: (A) Y-haplogroup frequencies found in Brazilian, Native American [38–40] European [41–46] and African [47–48] population samples (stress = 0.08148); (B) after excluding Sub-Saharan and Native American population samples (stress = 0.01356); (C) and after excluding Sub-Saharan and Native American Y chromosome lineages (stress = 0.00600).
Table 2.
Admixture coefficients (mγ ± SD) in the five Brazilian regions and corresponding normalized values (N-mγ), estimated using the ADMIX 2.0.
Portugal [41], France [44], Italy [43], Germany [45] and Lebanon [46] were used as parental populations.
Fig 3.
Multidimensional scaling plot of the pairwise FST genetic distances based of the frequencies of R-L23*, R-U106, R-S116*, R-U152 and R-M529 haplogroups in the five regions of Brazil (see S3 Table), and in samples from different European populations that potentially have contributed to the nowadays Brazilian Y chromosome gene pool.
European data were extracted from Myres et al. [30] and Busby et al. [31]. Samples from the same country were pooled when no statistically significant differences between them were found (see Material and Methods for details). Stress = 0.0022310.
Fig 4.
Principal component analysis of R-L23*, R-U106, R-S116*, R-U152 and R-M529 haplogroup frequencies in the five regions of Brazil (see S3 Table) and in samples from different European populations that potentially have contributed to the nowadays Brazilian Y chromosome gene pool.
European data were extracted from Myres et al. [30] and Busby et al. [31]. Samples from the same country were pooled when no statistically significant differences between them were found (see Material and Methods for details).
Table 3.
Admixture coefficients for the R1b1a-M269 sub-lineages in the five Brazilian regions and corresponding SD values, estimated using the ADMIX 2.0.
Spain [30], Portugal [31], Netherlands [30], France [30], Germany [30], Italy [30] and Turkey [30] were used as parental populations.