Fig 1.
Cosmopolites sordidus. Adult (A), fourth instar larva (B), digestive tract from a fourth instar larvae (C).
Fig 2.
Electrophoresis of normalized cDNA from C. sordidus midgut.
Normalized cDNA library containing transcripts ranging from 0.2 to 1.5 kb in size were subject to 454-mediated pyrosequencing. L, molecular mass markers. N, normalized cDNA library.
Table 1.
Summary statistics for C. sordidus midgut transcriptome after assembly and annotation.
Fig 3.
Summary of homology searches (BLAST) of C. sordidus midgut 454-pyrosequencing data against the non-redundant (nr) database.
(A) E-value distribution (Cut-off 10–20). (B) Similarity distribution of the top BLAST hit. (C) Species distribution of the top BLAST hit. Note that the majority of top hits are to the beetles D. ponderosae (66.1%) and T. castaneum (18.5%).
Fig 4.
General Enzyme Classification (EC) terms for the contigs of C. sordidus midgut transcriptome.
Oxidoreductases (EC: 1.x.x), Transferases (EC: 2.x.x), Hydrolases (EC: 3.x.x), Lyases (EC: 4.x.x), Isomerases (EC: 5.x.x), and Ligases (EC: 6.x.x).
Fig 5.
Gene ontology (GO) assignments for the C. sordidus midgut transcriptome.
Panel A represents cellular components, while panel B represents biological processes and panel C is for molecular function at level 2.
Fig 6.
Summary information for InterProScan results in the C. sordidus midgut transcriptome.
Table 2.
Selection of C. sordidus larval genes related to midgut metabolic functions and “Detox” related.
Fig 7.
Phylogenetic analysis of carboxypeptidases from C. sordidus and other insect species (accession numbers are given).
Phylogenetic analysis was conducted in MEGA6.0 using the Neighbor-joining method. Positions containing alignment gaps and missing data were eliminated only with pairwise deletion. Amino acid sequences of carboxypeptidases used for this analysis were C. sordidus (CsoCP), D. ponderosae (DpoCP), Eupolyphaga sinensis (EsiCP), Nasonia vitripennis (NviCP), Coptotermes formosanus (CfoCP), Bombus terrestris (BteCP), Bombus impatiens (BimCP), T.castaneum (TcaCP), Apis mellifera (AmeCP), A. dorsata (AdoCP), Phlebotomus papatasi (PhpaCP), Aedes polynesiensis (ApoCP), Aedes aegypti (AaeCP), Lutzomyia longipalpis (LloCP), Culex quinquefasciatus (CquCP), N. vitripennis (NviCP), Bombyx mori (BmoCP), Acromyrmex echinatior (AecCP), Ochlerotatus epactius (OepCP), Musca domestica (MdoCP), Harpegnathos saltator (HsaCP), Trichoplusia ni (TniCP).
Fig 8.
Semi-quantitative RT-PCR expression analysis of Carboxypeptidase (CsoCp), Chitin Synthase (CsoChs), Aminopeptidase (CsoAp) transcripts in five larval development and pupae stages of C. sordidus.
Expression of the Actin Housekeeping gene (CsoAct) is shown as control. 1–5 represent first, second, third, fourth and fifth instar larvae while P is for pupae stage.