Fig 1.
Unique locality records in Mexico used for species model performance (indicated by white dots).
Primary TDFs (grey shading) and known localities of TDFs (indicated by black triangles) in Mexico were used to evaluate ENMs of species for the TDFs reconstruction. Numbers correspond to areas: Yucatan forests (1), Chiapas forests (2), Centro American Pacific forests (3), Pacific South forests (4), Balsas river basin forests (5), Jalisco forest (6), Bajío forests (7), Tamaulipas-Veracruz forests (8), Sinaloa forests (9), Sonora and Sinaloa forests (10), and Cape forests (11). The figure was adapted from INEGI’ map (2003).
Table 1.
Species modeled and used for Tropical Dry Forests reconstruction in Mexico.
Families and species were assigned according to: IOC World Bird List (Gill & Donsker, 2015), APG III (APG, 2009), and The Plant List (2013).
Fig 2.
Combined values of omission and commission from the species modeled considering the potential distribution maps of Mexican TDFs.
Values were presented in percentage based on primary vegetation maps of Mexico (INEGI, 2003). Name abbreviations are used to refer to each species (See Table 1).
Fig 3.
Consensus maps of TDFs in Mexico representing the sum of Ecological Niche Models for the species modeled.
Maps from (a) to (c) represent the Mexican TDFs reconstruction by the accumulation of species modeled (from pale to dark black shading indicates accumulation of models). Map (d) represent the TDFs distribution based on a single-ecosystem model approach. White dots represent the known TDFs localities used for evaluation. To the right of maps (a-c), the number of pixels evaluated on the base of TDFs range predicted for each set of species, including the omission (triangles and line dark gray), commission (squares and lines light gray) and prediction (circles and lines black) values for each set. Values were reported based on primary vegetation maps of Mexico (INEGI, 2003). Letters correspond to: sums for only plants species models (a), sums for only bird species models (b), and sums for all species models (c).
Fig 4.
Two-dimensional climatic space (seasonality of precipitation vs Temperature seasonality) of the Tropical Dry Forests modeled.
In order to simplify the view graphical we presented the results in summed groups of “five by five” species (i.e. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 species). White dots represent the known TDF localities used for evaluation. Line represents the point’s distribution for single-ecosystem model. (a) Only plants species; (b) Only bird species; and (c) All species.
Fig 5.
Percentage of prediction and overlap of modeled TDFs in comparison with Mexican ecosystems.
(a) Percentages of prediction of primary TDFs maps: note a decreased in the values when the number of species increased, with a prediction of 78% of the TDFs areas by the overlap of 10 species models (independently of species combinations). (b) Proportion of predicted modeled area considered to be TDFs; and (c) Relation between the numbers of species predicted by pixels and each ecosystem type. For both cases (b-c), we observed that proportion of the modeled areas that corresponds with TDFs tends to increase with an increase in the number of combined species models, showing that the combinations of one to nine models are stronger associations with other ecosystems than TDFs. Colors correspond to: TDFs (brown), Temperate Forests (blue), Xerophyte Scrub Forests (yellow), Wetland Forests (orange), Grassland (green), Cloud Forests (grey), and Mangrove Swamp (purple).
Fig 6.
Climate description in the potential distribution of the Mexican TDFs.
Points represents the modeled TDFs (light gray), the primary TDFs (dark-gray) and the known TDF localities (white). Letters correspond to: Principal Components Analysis (a-b) and Discriminant Analysis (c). Lines represent the point’s distribution for single-ecosystem model (TDFs line), the Temperate Forests (TFs line) and Xerophyte Scrub Forests (XSFs line).