Table 1.
Specifications of the applied nanomaterials (Data in S5 data set).
Fig 1.
Stability of the nanoparticles in MEA (liquid) medium over 7 days.
(a + b) NanoComposix silica (50 nm, 1,000 ppm). (c + d) NanoComposix silver (50 nm, 10 ppm). (e + f) Purest Colloids MesoSilver® (10 ppm). Data in S1 data set.
Fig 2.
Relative growth density reflecting the growth rates of Penicillium verrucosum supplemented by NanoComposix SiO2 nanospheres.
Penicillium verrucosum incubated 7 days at 25°C under shaking of 230 rpm in MEA-liquid medium, supplemented by different amounts (0–2,500 ppm) of NanoComposix SiO2 nanospheres exhibiting sizes of 20 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm and 200 nm. Significant differences (P < 0.05) are indicated with an asterisk. The growth rate is specified as relative growth density. Data in S2 data set.
Fig 3.
Mycotoxin biosynthesis and intracellular ROS level of P. verrucosum supplemented by NanoComposix SiO2 nanospheres.
ROS and mycotoxins have been analyzed at the same time points. (a) Biosynthesis of citrinin and ochratoxin A by P. verrucosum growing 7 days at 25°C under shaking at 230 rpm in MEA-liquid medium supplemented by different amounts (0–2,500 ppm) of NanoComposix SiO2 nanospheres exhibiting sizes of 20 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm and 200 nm. (b) Determination of intracellular ROS in P. verrucosum at the end of 7 days of growth at 25°C, under shaking at 230 rpm, in MEA-liquid medium, supplemented by different amounts (0–2,500 ppm) of NanoComposix 50 nm sized SiO2 nanospheres. Logarithmic calculation. Data in S3 data set.
Fig 4.
Relative growth density reflecting the growth rates and mycotoxin biosynthesis of P. verrucosum supplemented with sub-nano sized MesoSilver (0.65 nm).
(a) Growth rate of P. verrucosum BFE575 at different concentrations of sub-nano sized MesoSilver (0.65 nm) 7 days at 25°C under rotation of 230 rpm in MEA-liquid medium. (b) Growth and mycotoxin biosynthesis visualized by TLC of P. verrucosum growing 7 days at 25°C under rotation of 230 rpm in MEA-liquid medium supplemented by different amounts of sub-nano sized MesoSilver (0.65 nm). MesoSilver has been applied before (!) growth of P. verrucosum (c). Growth and mycotoxin biosynthesis visualized by TLC of P. verrucosum growing 7 days at 25°C under rotation of 230 rpm in MEA-liquid medium supplemented by different amounts of sub-nano sized MesoSilver (0.65 nm). MesoSilver has been applied after (!) growth of P. verrucosum. Significant differences (P < 0.001) are indicated with an asterisk. The growth rate is specified as relative growth density. Data in S4 data set.
Fig 5.
Growth morphology of Penicillium verrucosum supplemented by NanoComposix silver nanospheres.
(a) Growth of Penicillium verrucosum 7 days at 25°C under rotation of 230 rpm in MEA-liquid medium supplemented by different amounts (0–100 ppm) of NanoComposix silver nanospheres exhibiting sizes of 5 nm, 50 nm and 200 nm. Silver has been applied before (!) growth of P. verrucosum (b). Growth of Penicillium verrucosum 7 days at 25°C under rotation of 230 rpm in MEA-liquid medium either as control or supplemented by different amounts (0–100 ppm) of NanoComposix silver nanospheres exhibiting a size of 200 nm. Silver has been applied after (!) growth of P. verrucosum.
Fig 6.
Microscopical examination of P. verrucosum; grown with 5 nm NanoComposix silver nanospheres or MesoSilver with 0.65 nm.
Incubation was for 7 days at 25°C under rotation of 230 rpm. Magnification was 1000x using oil-immersion. Red marks show agglomerations of silver nanoparticles outside the cell and within the mycelial filaments in the cytoplasm and partly on the surface of nuclei and other organelles.