Fig 1.
Antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activities of ACL extract.
(A) DPPH radical scavenging activities of ACL extract and standard ascorbic acid (IC50 value: ACL = 15.52±0.46μg/ml and ascorbic acid = 240.10±28.35 μg/ml; p<0.001). (B) Total reductive abilities of ACL extract and standard butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The absorbance (A700) was plotted against concentration of sample; higher absorbance value signified greater reducing capacity. (C) Hydroxyl radical scavenging capacities of ACL extract and standard mannitol (IC50 value: ACL = 121.20±1.22μg/ml and mannitol = 589.06±46.57μg/ml; p<0.01). (D) Superoxide radical scavenging activities of ACL extract and standard quercetin (IC50 value: ACL = 131.900±4.40μg/ml and quercetin = 63.93±4.16μg/ml; p<0.01). [Each value represents mean ±SD (n = 6); Where, α = p<0.001 Vs 0 μg/ml].
Fig 2.
Free-radical scavenging potentials of ACL extract.
(A) Singlet oxygen scavenging capacities of ACL extract and standard lipoic acid (IC50 value: ACL = 1103.79±24.69μg/ml and lipoic acid = 48.40±2.02μg/ml; p<0.001). (B) Nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activities of ACL extract and standard Curcumin (IC50 value: ACL = 45.57±1.33μg/ml and curcumin = 96.88±5.09μg/ml; p<0.01). (C) Peroxynitrite scavenging activities of ACL extract and standard gallic acid (IC50 value: ACL = 854.05±59.96 μg/ml and gallic acid = 734.81±28.30 μg/ml; p>0.05). (D) Hypochlorous acid (HOCL) scavenging activities of ACL extract and standard ascorbic acid (IC50 value: ACL = 130.675±4.78 μg/ml and ascorbic acid = 165.91±16.31μg/ml; p<0.01). [Each value represents mean ±SD (n = 6); Where, α = p<0.001 Vs 0 μg/ml].
Fig 3.
Iron (Fe2+)-chelation activities of ACL extract and the reference compound.
(A) ACL extract and (B) standard Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), represented as % of Fe2+-ferrozine complex (IC50 value: ACL = 320.63±10.82μg/ml and EDTA = 1.45±0.01μg/ml; p<0.001). [Each value represents mean ±SD (n = 6); Where, α = p<0.001 Vs 0 μg/ml].
Fig 4.
Hydrogen peroxide scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity of ACL extract and the reference compound.
(A) Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activities of ACL extract and standard sodium pyruvate (IC50 value: ACL = 15604.93±613.81μg/ml and sodium pyruvate = 3176.40±140.22μg/ml; p<0.001). (B) Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by ACL extract and standard trolox (IC50 value: ACL = 32.13±0.99μg/ml and trolox = 11.11±0.22μg/ml; p<0.001). [Each value represents mean ±SD (n = 6); Where, α = p<0.001, β = p<0.01 and γ = p<0.05 Vs 0 μg/ml.].
Table 1.
List of metabolites detected in A. catechu leaf extract by GC-MS analysis.
Fig 5.
Gas chromatogram-Mass spectroscopy of A. catechu leaf extract.
Fig 6.
Chemical structures of some essential bioactive metabolites identified in ACL extract by GC-MS.
Fig 7.
Schematic representation of possible biosynthetic pathway of catecholamines identified in ACL extract.
Fig 8.
(A) 13C NMR spectra and (B) 1H NMR spectra of ACL extract.
Fig 9.
The effect of ACL extract on the viability of murine splenocytes and peritonealexudate macrophages, evaluated by MTT method.
Each value represents mean ±SD (n = 6); Where, NSp = 0>0.05.