Fig 1.
Map of the study region.
Table 1.
Location and soil characteristics of the nine study sites grouped into the three cultivation systems investigated in the Kulawi valley (Sulawesi, Indonesia).
Table 2.
Aboveground stand structural properties of the three cultivation systems in the Kulawi valley (Sulawesi, Indonesia) (means ± SE of each three stands).
Fig 2.
Above- and belowground biomass, including standing fine root biomass of the three different cacao cultivation systems.
Different capital letters indicate statistically significant differences between the agroforestry systems, lower case Latin letters significant differences of the different tree groups between the cultivation systems and lower case Greek letter significant differences between cacao and shade trees within a cultivation system (P < 0.05).
Table 3.
Above- and belowground carbon stocks and the shoot:root carbon ratio (means ± SE).
Fig 3.
Above- and belowground carbon production of the three different cacao cultivation systems.
Different capital letters indicate statistically significant differences between the agroforestry systems, lower case Latin letters significant differences of the different tree groups between the cultivation systems and lower case Greek letter significant differences between cacao and shade trees within a cultivation system (P < 0.05).
Table 4.
Components of annual net primary production (NPP) and the associated carbon pools (in Mg ha-1 yr-1 or Mg C ha-1 yr-1) in the three cacao cultivation systems (means ± SE).
Fig 4.
Litter production of the different cacao agroforests.
Shown are the leaf litter of cacao and shade trees and the remaining litter components per cultivation system. Different capital letters indicate statistically significant differences between the agroforestry systems, lower case Latin letters significant differences of the different tree groups between the cultivation systems and lower case Greek letter significant differences between cacao and shade trees within a cultivation system (P < 0.05).
Table 5.
Results of a PCA analysis based on the plots of the three studied cacao cultivation systems and their corresponding data on cacao bean yield, carbon stores, stand structural data and diversity.
Table 6.
Pearson correlation coefficients of linear regressions between species diversity (Shannon Index) and yield and above- and belowground carbon stocks from biomass and net primary production (NPP).