Table 1.
Study Design.
Fig 1.
Percentage of public and private HCE of GDP (pie) in the US and Germany in 2013.
Thin lines, public HCE; bold lines, private HCE without out-of-pocket; black fill, out-of-pocket HCE; white fill, rest of GDP (non-HCE) HCE, healthcare expenditure; GDP, gross domestic product; $B, US$ billion.
Fig 2.
(A) Percentage of HCE on IVD in 2013 and (B) evolution of HCE on IVD 1993–2013. HCE, healthcare expenditure; IVD, in vitro diagnostics; $ B, US$ billion.
Table 2.
Number of Patients Receiving IVD Testing per Week and General Use of IVD Testing During Different Phases of Care.
Table 3.
Physicians’ estimation of IVD expenditure as a proportion of total HCE.
Table 4.
Relationship between percentage of clinical decisions based on IVD testing and perceived HCE on IVDs by physicians.
Fig 3.
Causal loop diagram displaying the root causes for over- and under-utilization of IVD testing. Key drivers displayed in boxes; antecedents and secondary drivers displayed as plain text.
IVD, in vitro diagnostic; →(+), positive causal links amplifying the behavior of target variable.