Table 1.
Population characteristics and growth of 30 healthy children during a 4-year follow-up.
Table 2.
PLS‐DA parameters and permutation test for distinguishing between gender and patterns of breastfeeding.
Table 3.
PLS‐DA parameters and permutation test for distinguishing between age groups.
Table 4.
The VIP score and fold change of metabolites significantly differentially expressed between exclusive and partial breastfeeding at different years of age.
Table 5.
The VIP score and fold change of metabolites significantly differentially expressed between age groups.
Fig 1.
Heat map of 20 metabolites selected by the PLS-DA VIP score > 1.5 across 6 months to 4 years of age.
Each row represents a urine sample and each column represents the expression profile of a metabolite across age groups. The changes of x-fold standard deviation from the overall mean concentration for different years of age are shown in a color-coded way. Blue color represents a decrease, and red color an increase. PLS-DA, partial least squares-discriminant analysis; VIP, Variable Importance in Projection.
Fig 2.
Representative 600 MHz 1H-NMR spectra of urine showing the metabolite signals of 20 age-related metabolites (δ1–9).
With increasing age, red up arrow indicates a detected increase in metabolite concentration, whereas down blue arrow indicates a detected decrease in metabolite concentration. 1, 3-Aminoisobutyric acid; 2, acetic acid; 3, creatinine; 4, creatine; 5, N-phenylacetylglycine; 6, hippuric aicd; 7, lactic acid; 8, N-acetylglutamic acid; 9, succinic acid; 10, glutamine; 11, citric acid; 12, dimethylamine; 13, N,N-dimethylglycine; 14, Trimethylamine N-oxide; 15, galactose; 16, lysine; 17, betaine; 18, lactose; 19, formic acid; 20, 1-methylnicotinamide.
Table 6.
Metabolic pathway and function analysis between age groups.