Fig 1.
Participants rested for 15 minutes and then took the orthostatic tolerance test composed of a 2-minute sitting position and a 2-minute standing position. After the orthostatic tolerance test, participants performed 15-minute interventions: sedentary, music, bicycling and bicycling with music sessions in a random order on four separate days. After each session, participants took the orthostatic tolerance test again. HR and BP measurement and HRV analysis were performed during the orthostatic tolerance test.
Table 1.
HR, SBP and DBP in the sitting position.
Fig 2.
HRV indices in the sitting position.
Graphs show changes in CVRR (A), HF (B) and L/H (C) in the sitting position between before and after intervention among the four sessions. CVRR: Coefficient of Variation of R-R Interval; HF: High Frequency Power; L/H: Low Frequency Power/High Frequency Power. ** P < 0.01 vs the sedentary session; ‡ P < 0.05 vs the music session. Data are expressed as means and SEM.
Fig 3.
Changes in HR and SBP when standing up.
Graphs show changes in HR and SBP when standing up from the sitting position in the pre-intervention (A, C) and post-intervention (B, D). HR: Heart Rate; SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure. ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.01 vs the sitting position. Data are expressed as means and SEM.
Fig 4.
Changes in the difference of HR (ΔHR) and SBP (ΔSBP) between the sitting position and the standing position.
Graphs show changes in ΔHR (A) and ΔSBP (B) between the sitting position and the standing position before and after the interventions. HR: Heart Rate; SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure; ΔHR: the difference of HR between in the sitting position and the standing position; ΔSBP: the difference of SBP between in the sitting position and the standing position. ‡ P < 0.05 vs the music session. Data are expressed as means and SEM.
Fig 5.
Changes in HRV indices when standing up.
Graphs show changes in ΔCVRR (A), ΔL/H (B) and ΔnormCCVHF (C) between before and after the interventions. ΔCVRR: change in magnitudes of autonomic nervous activity; ΔL/H: change in sympathetic nervous activity; ΔnormCCVHF: change in magnitudes of a parasympathetic nervous activity ratio; CCVHF: component coefficient of variance HF. Data are expressed as means and SEM.