Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of subjects with type 2 diabetes stratified by end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
Table 2.
Baseline characteristics stratified by serum vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) tertile in subjects with type 2 diabetes.
Fig 1.
Kaplan-Meier survival curves by tertile of serum VAP-1 concentrations.
Dotted line = subjects with serum VAP-1 in the first tertile; dashed line = subjects with serum VAP-1 in the second tertile; solid line = subjects with serum VAP-1 in the third tertile. P < 0.001 among the subgroups by tertile.
Table 3.
Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of end-stage renal disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes.
Fig 2.
Kaplan-Meier survival curves by risk score for end-stage renal disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes.
Risk score = 0.0020656 * serum VAP-1(ng/ml) + 0.3110558 * HbA1c(%) - 0.0562534 * estimated GFR(ml/min per 1.73 m2) + 2.142356 if proteinuria was present. Dashed line = risk score larger than 90th percentile; solid line = risk score smaller than 90th percentile. P < 0.0001 between high-risk and low-risk subgroups. Performance of the risk score: area under ROC = 0.9406 (95% CI 0.8871–0.9941), sensitivity = 77.3%, specificity = 92.8%. Internal validation by the leave-one-out method showed that the sensitivity was 86.4% (95% CI 65.1–97.1%) and the specificity was 89.9% (95% CI 87.1–92.3%).
Table 4.
Comparisons of variables in the prediction of end-stage renal disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes.
Fig 3.
(A) Algorithm for risk of dialysis in subjects with type 2 diabetes. (B) Kaplan-Meier survival curves by risk score and chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage for end-stage renal disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Risk score = 0.0020192 * serum VAP-1(ng/ml) + 0.3105567 * HbA1c(%) - 0.0730014 * estimated GFR(mL/min per 1.73 m2) + 2.169204 if proteinuria was present. Solid line = risk score larger than 50th percentile; dashed line = risk score smaller than 50th percentile; dotted line = subjects with type 2 diabetes and CKD stage 1–2. P < 0.0001 among the 3 subgroups. Performance of the risk score in subjects with CKD stage 3–5: sensitivity = 93.8% (68.8–99.8), specificity = 88.1% (80.2–93.7) by the leave-one-out method.