Table 1.
Primers used for RT-PCR of neuropeptide genes.
Fig 1.
(A) Overall workflow for S. mansoni egg isolation, protein extraction and identification from miracidia.
Miracidium proteins were extensively fractionated followed by identification with high-accuracy nano-LC TripleTOF MS. (B) Protein identification results of different search engines (see Methods for search parameter settings).
Fig 2.
Gene ontology annotation of miracidia proteins.
The bar chart (A) describes the GO distribution of GO term on level 2 from the proteome. When one protein was known to be localised in more than one cellular compartment, all of the localisations were counted non-exclusively. (B) All identified miracidia proteins were compared with the whole protein database of S. mansoni. Significantly over-represented GO terms (p<0.01) are shown. The number of proteins and their levels of significance are also shown. (C) GO terms of biological process and molecular function over-represented in miracidia compared to the whole S. mansoni proteins, in terms of the ratio of protein numbers.
Table 2.
Categories of proteins identified from S. mansoni miracidia, annotations with/without GO terms, predicted as secreted proteins and receptors
Fig 3.
KEGG analysis of miracidium proteins showing the top 25 highly represented KEGG pathways (see S2 Table for the list of all KEGG pathways identified).
Table 3.
List of identified secreted proteins with -10*Log(P)≥50 from S. mansoni miracidia (see S2 Table for the full list).
Table 4.
Venom allergen-like (VAL) proteins identified by from S. mansoni miracidia (also see S1 Table for more details).
Fig 4.
Characterisation of neuropeptides within Schistosome mansoni miracidia.
Shown is S. mansoni annotated precursor neuropeptides, including signal peptide (yellow), cleavage sites (red), glycine for amidation (green) and bioactive peptide (light blue). Also, comparison with S. japonicum and S. haematobium precursor protein homologs. Dark blue shading indicates amino acid conservation.
Table 5.
Summary of S. mansoni neuropeptide genes identified in this study.