Fig 1.
Predicted protein features of wheat cellulose synthase genes.
The numbers 1 to 8 in the purple rectangles refers to the transmembrane domains (TMDs). Black triangles localize the conserved motifs. The newly identified motifs CXXC and SXXCEXWF are highlighted in blue and previously reported motifs in black.
Table 1.
CesA genes and their chromosomal locations in hexaploid wheat.
Fig 2.
Structural features of the TaCesA genes.
Drawn to scale, exons are represented by black boxes and introns by grey lines. Intron lengths are presented on top of each intron. PCW and SCW CesA genes are shown in blue and red colors, respectively.
Table 2.
Structures of the TaCesA genes for PCW and SCW synthesis.
Fig 3.
Amino acid sequence alignment of wheat CESA proteins.
Drawn to scale with solid lines representing conserved amino acid sequences and the gaps representing the mismatches and deletions. Corresponding phases of intron evolution (0, 1, 2) for the CESA proteins are shown on the top of the solid lines. Primary and secondary cell wall CESAs are shown in blue and red color, respectively.
Fig 4.
Motifs differentiating PCW and SCW CESA orthologs from different species.
Amino acid changes in the motifs are shown in blue.
Fig 5.
Conserved motifs differentiating the orthologs of SCW CESAs from Triticum aestivum (TaCESA), Arabidopsis thaliana (AtCESA), Hordeum vulgare (HvCESA), Oryza sativa (OsCESA), and Zea mays (ZmCESA).
Amino acid changes in the motifs are shown in blue.
Fig 6.
Conserved motifs differentiating the orthologs of PCW CESAs from Triticum aestivum (TaCESA), Arabidopsis thaliana (AtCESA), Hordeum vulgare (HvCESA), Oryza sativa (OsCESA), and Zea mays (ZmCESA).
Amino acid changes in the motifs are shown in blue.
Fig 7.
Motifs of CESA orthologs from Triticum aestivum (TaCESA), Arabidopsis thaliana (AtCESA), Beta vulgaris (BvCESA), Eucalyptus grandis (EgCESA), Glycine max (GmCESA), Gossypium hirsutum (GhCESA), Hordeum vulgare (HvCESA), Oryza sativa (OsCESA), Populus trichocarpa (PtCESA), Solanum tuberosum (StCESA) and Zea mays (ZmCESA).
Conserved and non-conserved amino acids residues are highlighted in red and green respectively. Amino acid changes in the motifs are highlighted in blue.
Fig 8.
Unrooted phylogenetic tree of the CESAs from Triticum aestivum (TaCESA), Arabidopsis thaliana (AtCESA), Beta vulgaris (BvCESA), Eucalyptus grandis (EgCESA), Glycine max (GmCESA), Gossypium hirsutum (GhCESA), Hordeum vulgare (HvCESA), Oryza sativa (OsCESA), Populus trichocarpa (PtCESA), Solanum tuberosum (StCESA) and Zea mays (ZmCESA).
The bar provides a scale for the branch length in the horizonal dimension. The line segment with the number '0.1' means that an equal length of the branch between the CESA proteins represents a change of 0.1 AA. Color codes for different species: Red—TaCESA, blue–AtCESA, purple—HvCESA, yellow—ZmCESA, green—OsCESA, and grey–BvCESA, EgCESA, GmCESA, GhCESA, PtCESA, StCESA.
Fig 9.
Heat map of 21 TaCesA transcripts expressed as deviation of log2 counts per million (CPM) standard deviation in hexaploid wheat.
Table 3.
TaCesA genes and their orthologs from Arabidopsis, barley, maize, and rice involved in the formation of primary cell wall (PCW) or secondary cell wall (SCW).
Fig 10.
Map positions of TaCesA genes in the wheat genome.
The exact locations are shown in Table 1.