Fig 1.
Schematic comparison of predicted articulatory movements in the syllable [ma].
(A) Movement initiation is organized by segments. (B) Dissociation of movements from linguistic units: anticipatory closure of the lips and opening of the velum well in advance of the response. (C) Mid-sagittal vocal tract profile illustrating movements involved in the production of [m].
Fig 2.
Blocks of 16 trials were performed with a 2 x 2 blocked design crossing response preparation and pre-response constraint. In constrained blocks, participants produce a prolonged "ee…" in response to the ready signal.
Fig 3.
Example of manual labeling of anatomical landmarks and automatically generated regions of interest.
Acronyms in panel G: UL (upper lip), LL (lower lip), TT (tongue tip), TB (tongue body), TR (tongue root), VEL (velum).
Fig 4.
Example of articulatory feature time series: lip aperture (LA), tongue root horizontal position (TR), and velum position (VEL).
The speaker produced "ma" in the constrained condition. The [m] involves a bilabial closure and velum opening, and the vowel involves a pharyngeal constriction with the tongue root.
Fig 5.
Summary of anticipatory posturing effects.
Pie sections represent the number of participants showing a significant effect. Labial (lab: pa, ma) and coronal (cor: ta, na) responses are distinguished, as are nasal (+nas: ma, na) and non-nasal (-nas: pa, ta) responses.
Fig 6.
Effect directions and magnitudes for each speaker in each condition.
Vertical lines show target position in prepared condition. Red/blue arrows indicate significant effects of preparation on pre-response posture.
Table 1.
Summary of anticipatory posturing effects.
Fig 7.
Across-participant correlations of anticipatory effects within and between constraint conditions.
Correlations between labial and coronal responses, and nasal and non-nasal responses, are shown for each articulatory feature.