Table 1.
Church sites used in this study.
The figures show the number of adult female Myotis nattereri radio-tagged between 2011 and 2014, and the estimated size of the colony at each site.
Table 2.
Experimental procedure to examine the response of Myotis nattereri to short-term applications of ultrasonic acoustic and artificial lighting deterrence inside churches.
Table 3.
Vital rates used in population matrix models for Myotis nattereri.
Table 4.
Home range areas (100% minimum convex polygons), core foraging areas (80% clusters cores) and range spans (mean maximum nightly distance from roost to centroid of cluster core foraging area) for 48 adult female Myotis nattereri (n = 6 bats per site).
Figures are means ± SD (range).
Fig 1.
Examples of individual bat home range areas and core foraging areas from 18 adult female Myotis nattereri.
The black polygons denote 100% MCP home ranges and the red polygons 80% cluster cores. Data are from 18 bats radio-tracked at three churches (Guestwick, Salle and Wood Dalling; n = 6 bats per site).
Table 5.
Habitat preferences exhibited by Myotis nattereri at eight maternity colony sites (n = 6 bats per site).
Habitat categories to the left of > were selected over those to the right, with >>> showing a significant difference between adjacent habitat types; P-values <0.05 show that the selection of habitat types was non-random.
Fig 2.
Response of Myotis nattereri to short, four-day applications of the Deaton (ultrasound) device.
The figure shows the mean (n = 6 sites) proportion of radio-tagged bats (n = 87) roosting each day in the original roost above the deterrent, at an alternative roost within the church, or at an alternative roost outside the church during control (deterrent off), deterrent (deterrent on) and post-deterrent (deterrent off) periods. The bats were radio-tagged on day 1.
Table 6.
Probability matrices showing the mean (n = 6 sites) probability of Myotis nattereri moving between different roost ‘states’ during control (deterrent off), deterrent (deterrent on) and post-deterrent (deterrent off) periods.
‘Original’ = the roost affected by deterrent during the deterrent period, ‘alternative’ = a roost inside the church not directly affected by the deterrent, ‘outside’ = any roost not inside the church. ‘Post’ refers to post-deterrent period.
Table 7.
Foraging responses of radio-tagged Myotis nattereri at 6 church sites (n = 6 bats/site) and effect of short-term applications of acoustic deterrence at roosts inside churches.
Response variables were time of emergence, time of return to church after foraging, total time spent foraging, individual bat home range area (MCP), core foraging area (cluster core), and range span (distance from roost to furthest edge of cluster core foraging area).
Table 8.
Habitat preferences of Myotis nattereri (n = 6 bats per site) radio-tracked at five churches during control and deterrent periods in response to ultrasound acoustic deterrence.
Habitat categories to the left of > are selected over those to the right, with >>> showing a significant difference between adjacent habitat types; P-values <0.05 show that the selection of habitat types is non-random.
Fig 3.
Response of Myotis nattereri to long-term applications of the Deaton (ultrasound) device.
The figure shows the number of bats roosting inside the church (dashed lines) and in the roost above the deterrent (solid lines) each day at three churches during the control (deterrent off), deterrent (deterrent on) and post-deterrent (deterrent off) periods.
Fig 4.
Response of bats to artificial lighting in churches.
The figure shows the total number of bat passes (n = 4 sites) recorded each night in experimental lit zones inside churches during control (ambient light), deterrent (artificial light) and post-deterrent (ambient light) periods. P. pyg = soprano pipistrelle Pipistrellus pygmaeus; P. pip = common pipistrelle P. pipistrellus; Myotis = Myotis nattereri.
Fig 5.
Activity of Myotis nattereri in lit and unlit areas of churches during lighting deterrence experiments.
The figure shows the number of bat passes recorded each night for two hours after sunset using infrared video in lit (light grey lines) and unlit (dark grey lines) zones inside churches during control (ambient light), deterrent (artificial light) and post-deterrent (ambient light) periods at four churches: (a) Cley, (b) Great Hockham, (c) Holme Hale and (d) Salle.
Table 9.
Elasticities and sensitivities derived from the population projection matrices for female Myotis nattereri.
Table 10.
Elasticities and sensitivities for the constituents of productivity derived from the population projection matrices for female Myotis nattereri.
Fig 6.
Effects of changing age-specific annual survival rates (top) and the constituents of productivity (bottom) on the population growth rate of Myotis nattereri.
The vital rates used are shown in brackets. In the absence of perturbation, the mean stochastic growth rate λs was 0.986 i.e. a slow decline but close to stable.
Table 11.
Critical threshold of population parameters for female Myotis nattereri, below which a population of 100 females is likely to become extinct within an arbitrary 500 years.
The figures in brackets show the vital rates used in the population models.