Table 1.
A typology of identity constructions.
Table 2.
Principal Component Analysis—Rotated Component Matrix of national belonging criteria.
Source: ISSP Research Group 2003 [25]; own calculations.
Fig 1.
Human Development and Ascribed National Identity at the national levels.
The scatterplot in Fig 1 clearly demonstrates the decreasing ascribed national identity with the higher levels of development.
Fig 2.
Human Development and Voluntarist National Identity at the national levels.
Fig 2, on the other hand, indicates inevitably high levels of voluntarist identity at lower levels of development, while the results for highly developed nations may vary from quite low to quite high levels of voluntarist identity.
Fig 3.
Human Development and the feeling of EU citizenship at the national levels.
Regarding the supranational instrumental identifications of the emerging social order, EU countries with higher HDI are more likely to demonstrate higher levels of supranational identities in terms of feelings of European citizenship. The relationship is presented as a scatterplot in Fig 3.
Table 3.
Final estimation of two levels hierarchical regression with Ascribed National Identity Index as outcome variable on individual level.
Fig 4.
The hierarchical regression model for the Ascribed National Identity Index with statistically significant first level regression coefficients.
Fig 4, confirm the significance of the first level regression coefficients for all variables included in the model and significant impact of HDI as the second level variable. HDI with the negative and significant effect confirms that the macro level HDI variable tends to contribute to the decreasing levels of ascribed national identity.
Table 4.
Final estimation of two levels hierarchical regression with Voluntarist National Identity Index as outcome variable on individual level.
Fig 5.
The hierarchical regression model for the Voluntarist National Identity Index with statistically significant first level regression coefficients.
Fig 5 confirm hypothesis 2 since they demonstrate no relevant impact of HDI on the voluntarist national identity even when individual level variables (age, education, gender and immigrant origins) are also controlled for.
Table 5.
Final estimation of two levels Bernoulli distributed hierarchical regression with indicator of supranational EU identity as outcome variable on individual level.
Fig 6.
The hierarchical regression model for the EU supranational identification with statistically significant first and second level regression coefficients.
While controlling for the (significant) effects of age, gender and education, the independent positive effect of HDI on supranational identity was confirmed as showed in Fig 6.