Table 1.
Panel of MDR clinical bacterial strains used in in vitro antibacterial testing with Piper betle extracts.
Fig 1.
Representative plates for disc diffusion assay showing zones of inhibition produced by Piper betle ethanol, methanol, SC-CO2 15 MPA and SC-CO2 20 MPa extracts on multiple drug resistant clinical bacterial isolates, with the corresponding reference antibiotic discs.
A. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus or MRSA 5; B. Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus 3; C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa metallo β lactamase or MβL (+) 3; D. Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae 3; E. MRSA 1; F. Acinetobacter baumannii MβL (+) 1.
Table 2.
Diameters of zones of inhibition (mm)* of Piper betle extracts against multidrug-resistant bacteria.
Table 3.
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (μg/ml) of Piper betle extracts for multidrug-resistant bacteria.
Table 4.
Minimum bactericidal concentration (μg/mL) of Piper betle extracts against multidrug-resistant bacteria.
Fig 2.
Cytotoxicity index (CI%) of Piper betle (or “Ikmo”) ethanol extract on normal human dermal fibroblasts (HDFn) using the MTT cytotoxicity assay.
The CI% of the highest concentration tested (100μg/ml) is below the IC50 value, indicating nontoxicity to the cells. Positive control: Doxorubicin; Negative controls: DMSO and UnTx (untreated- no DMSO, no P. betle extract were added to the wells with HDFn).
Fig 3.
MTT cytotoxicity results for Piper betle ethanol extract.
Positive control: Doxorubicin; Negative controls: DMSO and untreated (no DMSO, no P. betle extract were added to the wells with HDFn). Each treatment was done in triplicate.
Table 5.
Cytotoxicity index (CI%) of Piper betle (or Ikmo) ethanol extract on normal human dermal fibroblasts (HDFn) using the MTT cytotoxicity assay.