Fig 1.
Locations of study site and other paleoclimate records in the East Asia.
(map modified from NASA; http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/) Locations of Lake Moon, Baikal (52°05′N, 105°52′E), Suigetsu (35°35′N, 135°53′E) and Mikata (35°33′N, 135°54′E), and Hulu (32°30′N, 119°10′E) and Maboroshi (34°39′N, 133°13′E) caves with atmospheric circulation in summer. Black arrows show seasonal dominant wind vectors and the red arrow points to the location of coring point of Lake Moon.
Fig 2.
Averaged monthly precipitation (bars) and air temperatures (circles) in Aershan during AD 1982–2011.
Fig 3.
Age-depth plot of the Moon Lake sequence.
The calibrated AMS 14C dates using CALIB 6.01 [26,27] are shown with 2 sigma error bar (adapted from Fig 2 of [22]).
Table 1.
List of radiocarbon and calibrated ages of sediment core from Moon Lake (all age dates listed in this table are from previous publication [22]).
Fig 4.
Simplified pollen percentage and concentration diagram of Lake Moon.
Exaggeration (×10) is indicated by light-colored shading (adapted from Fig 2 of [29]).
Fig 5.
PCA ordination of nine pollen taxa with percentages >5% in any sample of pollen assemblages from Lake Moon.
Table 2.
Five pollen taxa groups (S1-S5) used for calculation of temperature index (T) and moisture index (M).
Fig 6.
Comparison of pollen records with the δ18O records from Greenland ice core and Chinese stalagmite.
(a) The δ18O records of the Greenland ice cores [47,48] (the light blue line is NGRIP δ18O profile, the dark blue line is GRIP δ18O profile), (b) the common logarithm transformation of pollen-based Temperature index (to outweigh strong variations caused by percentage maxima of Betula and Cyperaceae), (c) pollen percentages of arboreal (green line), steppe (orange line) and meadow (blue line) taxa, (d) pollen-based Moisture index, (e) the stalagmite δ18O records from Hulu cave [10].