Fig 1.
Map showing the geographical location of the Alto de Reinoso megalithic tomb in the Burgos province (Castilla y León, Spain) (graphic: Héctor Arcusa Magallón; Copyright by the authors).
Fig 2.
Reconstruction of the original appearance of the megalithic mound of Alto de Reinoso (graphic: Héctor Arcusa Magallón).
Table 1.
Results of osteological, mtDNA and isotopic analysis for the human individuals from Alto de Reinoso.
Fig 3.
Superposition of different layers of the Neolithic ossuary indicating the individuals with the same genetic profile (graphic: Héctor Arcusa Magallón).
Fig 4.
Principal component analysis (A) and Ward type hierarchical clustering (B) with 19 Western and Central European populations.
On both image parts south-western European hunter-gatherers [HGSW] and Central European hunter-gatherers [HGC] are symbolised by grey hexagons, Early Neolithic Iberian groups (Central Portugal [CP_EN], north Spain [NS_EN], and northeast Spain [NE_EN]) by red circles and Middle/Late Neolithic groups by pink star and circles (Alto de Reinoso [Reinoso], north Spain [NS_MLN], northeast Spain [NES_MLN], south French Treilles group [TRE]). Magenta-coloured circles indicate the chalcolithic El Mirador cave [El_Mirador] and Late Neolithic-Chalcolithic Central Portugal [CP_LN_CH]. Early Neolithic groups in Central Europe and Carpathian Basin are represented by brown circles (Starcevo culture [STA], Linear pottery culture in Transdanubia [LBKT], Linear Pottery culture in Central Europe [LBK], Rössen culture [RSC], Schöningen group [SCG]), Middle Neolithic groups in Central Europe (Salzmünde Culture [SMC], Baalberge Culture [BAC], Bernburg Culture [BEC]) are in orange. (B) Cluster significance is given as AU (Approximately Unbiased) p-value in %, which is computed by multi-scale bootstrap resampling with 10,000 replicates (graphic: A. Szécsényi-Nagy).
Fig 5.
87Sr/86Sr ratios of human and faunal enamel and bone samples from Alto de Reinoso and from Algría-Dulantzi in comparison.
The data from Reinoso are grouped by age and sex and sorted by the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of deciduous teeth and first molars within each group. The dashed lines illustrate the isotope ratios of the local biologically available strontium in human bone and cattle enamel as calculated from the average plus and minus two standard deviations. (Data for Algría-Dulantzi [92]) (graphic: C. Knipper).
Fig 6.
Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of the human and faunal samples from Alto de Reinoso in comparison to the isotope ratios of potential major food sources.
Comparative data are taken from [107–108, 135, 144–146] (graphic: C. Knipper).
Fig 7.
Scatter plot of δ13C and δ15N values and faunal collagen data from the Alto de Reinoso collective tomb and data from comparable Mesolithic and Neolithic sites.
1: Valencia: Santa Maria, Penya del Camtador, Clingel des Mans Nou (Spain [104]), 2: El Collado (Spain [137), 3: Costamar (Spain [143]), 4: Cova de la Pastore (Spain [139]), 5: Mean values from Casa da Moura, Gruta do Caldeirao, Gruta da Feteira, Gruta da Fontainhas, Roche Forte II, Cerca do Zambujal, Melides (Portugal [141]); 6: Fateira II (Portugal [69]), 7: Paimogo I (Portugal [69]), 8: Cabeco da Arruda (Portugal [69]), 9: Languedoc area, Les Crés, Montou, (France [138]), 10: Garonne area, Cugnaux, Villeneuve-Tolosane, Narbons (France [138]) (graphic: C. Knipper).