Table 1.
Weather characteristics of Almenar, Morris and Riga in 2011–12 and 2012–13 during the periods when the experiment was carried out.
Autumn: October-November; Winter: December-March; Spring: April-May.
Table 2.
Total autumn and spring emergence (% of seed sown ± SE) in 2011–12 and 2012–13 for Camelina microcarpa, and total emergence in Riga in spring 2012.
Aut-Wint columns refer to total emergence that occurred during autumn or autumn and winter. Different letters represent significant differences; lowercase letters: differences between localities and years in the same season (Aut-Wint or Spring); uppercase letters: differences between growing seasons within locality.
Fig 1.
Distribution of the percentages of emergence of Table 1 throughout the two growing seasons, 2011–12 and 2012–13.
(Grey line) Almenar. (Black line) Morris. Dates in the x-axis are in month/day/year.
Table 3.
Estimates of the variables b, c and x0 fitted to HTT, PhHTT-1, PhHTT-2, SHTT, PhSHTT and hourly HTT, as well as their respective R2, F value and significance.
b is the rate of increase, c is a shape parameter and x50 is the HTT required to obtain 50% of maximum emergence. HTT, hydrothermal time; PhHTT-1, photohydrothermal time estimated with the corresponding proportional daylight; PhHTT-2, photohydrothermal time estimated with the corresponding proportional daylight plus the original HTT; SHTT, solar hydrothermal time; PhSHTT, photosolar hydrothermal time, estimated with SHTT and the corresponding proportional daylight (for more details see Material and methods); R2 is the coefficient of determination, F is the value of Fisher’s F distribution; P is the significance of the model adjustment.
Fig 2.
Development and validation of models based on HTT, PhHTT-1 and PhHHT-2.
Left, development of the (A) HTT, (C) PhHTT-1 and (E) PhHTT-2 based emergence models with data from Almenar (Spain) 2011–12 (●) and 2012–13 (○), with the corresponding R2 and the RMSE for each series of data; Right, validation of the models (B, D and F) developed in Almenar with data sets from Morris in 2011–12 (●) and 2012–13 (○), and Riga (▼), and their corresponding RMSEP. HTT, hydrothermal time; PhHTT-1, photohydrothermal time estimated with the corresponding proportional daylight; PhHTT-2, photohydrothermal time estimated with the corresponding proportional daylight plus the original HTT. R2 is the coefficient of determination; RMSE is the root mean square error; RMSEP is the root mean square error for prediction.
Fig 3.
Development and validation of models based on SHTT and PhSHTT.
Left, development of the (A) SHTT and (C) PhSHTT based emergence models with data from Almenar (Spain) 2011–12 (●) and 2012–13 (○), with the corresponding R2 and the RMSE for each series of data; Right, validation of the models (B and D) developed in Almenar with data sets from Morris in 2011–12 (●) and 2012–13 (○), and their corresponding RMSEP. SHTT, solar hydrothermal time; PhSHTT, photosolar hydrothermal time, estimated with SHTT and the corresponding proportional daylight (for more details see Material and methods). R2 is the coefficient of determination; RMSE is the root mean square error; RMSEP is the root mean square error for prediction.
Fig 4.
Development and validation of the hourly based HTT model.
Left, development of the hourly HTT based emergence model with data from Almenar (Spain) 2011–12 (●) and 2012–13 (○), with the corresponding R2 and the RMSE for each series of data; Right, validation of the model developed in Almenar with data sets from Morris in 2011–12 (●) and 2012–13 (○), and Riga (▼), and their corresponding RMSEP. R2 is the coefficient of determination; RMSE is the root mean square error; RMSEP is the root mean square error for prediction.