Fig 1.
Agar plate assay showing chemotactic response of B. subtilis CIM towards 1 pM rutin.
The filter paper having attractant was put on the right, water was put on the left and bacterium was spot inoculated in the middle.
Fig 2.
Effect of rutin on swimming (a), swarming (b), and twitching (c) of B. subtilis CIM.
Cells were inoculated at the center of the agar media with or without rutin and incubated at 30°C for 20–24h.
Fig 3.
Effect of rutin on (a) colony forming units (CFU) and (b) biofilm quantification of B. subtilis CIM.
Biofilm quantification was determined by crystal violet staining.
Fig 4.
Morphology of biofilm formed examined by light microscopy.
Bacterial biofilms were grown in the absence or presence of 1 pM rutin. (A1-A2) Fluorescent microscope images; (B1-B2) CV-stained light microscope images; (C1-C2) MB-stained light microscope. (20X, scale bar = 200 μm).
Fig 5.
Comparison of growth and biochemical parameters between different treatments.
(A) Effect of different treatments on plant growth promoting traits of rice. (B) (a) Total chlorophyll, (b) carotenoid content, (c) total phenolic and (d) total flavonoid content of rice after treatment with rutin (Ru), B. subtilis (BS), Ru+BS and control.
Table 1.
Effect of rutin (Ru), B. subtilis CIM (BS), BS+Ru and control on growth parameters of rice.
Fig 6.
(a) Free radical scavenging activity and (b) total antioxidant capacity of rice.
Different treatments used in the study included only rutin (Ru), only B. subtilis (BS), combined application of BS+Ru and healthy control.
Fig 7.
ROS production (10X, scale bar = 100 μm) (A) and callose deposition in leaves (20X, scale bar = 200 μm). (B) of rice.
Different treatments used in the study included only rutin (Ru), only B. subtilis (BS), combined application of Ru+BS and healthy control. Black arrows denote callose deposition in different treatments.
Fig 8.
Principal component analysis (PCA) of various physiological and biochemical parameters analyzed in rice leaves.
Fig 9.
Schematic representation of the interactive mechanism of action of rutin and B. subtilis CIM.