Table 1.
Identification of propolis samples from different regions of Brazil and analysed in this study.
Fig 1.
(A) High pressure extraction (SFE) 1 –CO2 cylinder with fishing tube; 2 –Adjusted bomb at 350bar; 3 –Extraction cell using 7.5 g of sample (packed) and co-solvent at 50°C (furnace temperature); 4 –Static/dynamics valve; 5 –Restrictor valve adjusted to 6g/min CO2 flow; 6 –Extracts into a collection bottle; 7 –Flow meter; 8 –Gas meter; (B) Low pressure extraction (conventional extraction) 1 –Propolis sample in ethanol (80%); 2 –Process extraction in a shaker (70°C, 30 minutes, 710rpm); 3 –Centrifugation at 8800rpm for 11 minutes at 5°C; 4 –Supernatant, centrifugation was repeated with the residue (10 ml of 80% ethanol); 6 –Homogenised supernatants and kept at 50°C until completely dry.
Table 2.
Determination of the content of humidity, total solids, total ash, raw protein, total lipids, raw fibre and water activity (aw) of red, green and brown propolis samples collected in different regions of Brazil.
Table 3.
Quantification of minerals, sodium (Na), potassium (K), lithium (Li) and calcium (Ca) (mg/Kg), from the ash of propolis samples from different regions of Brazil.
Fig 2.
Images obtained by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for propolis samples.
A–RSE; B–RAL; C–GMG1; D–GMG2; E–GPR; F–BSC; G–BPR; H–BRS.
Fig 3.
Content of total phenolic compounds expressed in mg EAG/g (A) and of flavonoids expressed in mg EQ/G (B) of the extracts of different samples of Brazilian propolis.
SCO2 –Extracts obtained by SFE; EtOH–Extracts obtained by ethanolic extraction; Lower values of IC50 indicate a higher activity of radical elimination; Average of analysis obtained in triplicate (n = 3).
Fig 4.
Determination of antioxidant activity of the extracts from different samples of Brazilian propolis, by DPPH (IC50) (A) and ABTS (Trolox 1 mg.ml-1) (B).
SCO2 –Extracts obtained by SFE; EtOH–Extracts obtained by ethanolic extraction; Average of analysis obtained in triplicate (n = 3).
Table 4.
Determination of the content of total phenolic compounds (mg EAG/g), flavonoids (mg EQ/g), antioxidant activity by DPPH (IC50) and ABTS (%) of the extracts of different samples from Brazilian propolis obtained by ethanolic extraction (EtOH) and by SFE (SCO2).
Fig 5.
Chromatograms of green propolis ethanolic extract from Paraná (GPR EtOH)–(1) p-coumaric acid; (2) Artepillin C.
Table 5.
Determination of the content of 4-hidroxicinamic acid (p-coumaric acid) and 3,5-diprenil-4-hidroxicinamic (Artepillin C) of extracts from different samples of Brazilian samples obtained by ethanolic extraction (EtOH) and by SFE (SCO2).
Table 6.
Determination of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericide Concentration (MBC) of the extracts from different samples of Brazilian propolis obtained by ethanolic extraction (EtOH) and by SFE (SCO2).
Fig 6.
Activity of the EtOH extracts of different samples of Brazilian propolis on the cellular proliferation of the strain B16F10 (murine) after 24 (A) and 48 (B) hours of incubation on both concentrations tested (50 and 100 μg/ml).