Fig 1.
Target movement trajectory and three CoP displacements for the anterior-posterior and the medial-lateral CoP directions during the unilateral shoulder flexion task (A) and bilateral heel task (B).
Onset of the target movement is illustrated as a vertical line.
Table 1.
Mean (± SEM, N = 9) reaction time of target movement.
Fig 2.
Mean (±SEM, N = 9) time for the first negative and first positive peak of AP direction across the four baseline sessions of CoP displacement during unilateral shoulder flexion (A) and bilateral heel lift (C). The time for negative (open symbols) and positive (solid symbols) peaks are illustrated for the ipsilateral (circles), net CoP (triangles) and contralateral (squares). The symbol “*” indicates significant earlier peak time of contralateral compared with the ipsilateral CoP. Time duration between two peaks of AP direction across the four baseline sessions of CoP displacement during unilateral shoulder flexion (B) and bilateral heel lift (D).
Ipsilateral (open bars), net CoP (grey bars) and contralateral (solid) are illustrated. The symbol “*” indicates significantly longer time of the ipsilateral side compared with the contralateral side is illustrated.
Fig 3.
Mean (± SEM, N = 9) CoP displacement and velocity between CoP peak to peak averaged across the four baseline sessions.
Ipsilateral (open bars), net CoP (grey bars) and contralateral (solid) displacements are illustrated. The symbol “*” indicates significant increase compared with the contralateral CoP.
Fig 4.
Mean (± SEM, N = 9) normalized peak to peak displacement in the anterior-posterior (AP) CoP directions (A-C) and the medial-lateral (ML) CoP directions (D-F) during unilateral shoulder flexion task.
The data is illustrated for the ipsilateral (Ipsi.), the net CoP, and the contralateral (Cont.) displacement during baseline, injection, and post-injection. CoP displacement in isotonic saline series (open bar) and hypertonic saline series (solid) saline injected into the VM and TA muscles are illustrated. The symbol “*” indicates significant smaller displacement compared with non-pain condition is illustrated.