Fig 1.
(A) A major nectar-robber, striped-squirrel (Tamiops swinhoei) robbing the nectar of A. roxburghii flowers, showing damage to the flower and the broken style. (B) Striped-squirrel makes a hole at the base of the flower corolla and sucks the nectar, through this behaviour squirrel damages the flowers.
Fig 2.
A model of the four-direction plots (FDP) established in a large population of A. roxburghii to compare robbed and unrobbed flowers.
Fig 3.
(a) Posterior means of florescent powder dispersal probability (%) among robbed (closed circles) and unrobbed (open circles) plots. (b) Effects of robbing on florescent powder dispersal probability (c) Effects of distances on florescent powder dispersal probability.
The effects of distances were calculated with respect to that measured for 0–2 m (i.e., the effect for 0–2 m was set to zero and was used as a benchmark). Bars represent the 95% confidence interval of the posterior distribution in each figure.
Table 1.
Effect of striped-squirrel robbing behaviour on pollen dispersal at various distances.
Distances represent 2 m intervals from the focal point.
Fig 4.
Effect of nectar-robbers on (a) fruit and (b) seed set in Alpinia roxburghii.
Open and closed circles represent posterior means and bars represent the 95% confidence interval of the posterior distribution.
Table 2.
Summary of robbing effects on fruit and seed set.
The parameters were calculated from the posterior probabilities of the model parameters.
Fig 5.
The relationship between (a) number of inflorescences and number of robbed flowers per inflorescence (b) number of robbed flowers and number of broken styles per robbed flowers by striped- squirrels.
Table 3.
Effect of striped-squirrels robbing on broken styles.
Fig 6.
(A) Posterior means of numbers of Bombus eximius (open circles) and Apis cerana (closed circles) between robbed and unrobbed plots. (B) Effects of pollinators indicates the effect of Apis cerana was set to zero. (C) Effects of robbing. (D) Interactions of robbing and pollinators, and their effects.
Bars represent the 95% confidence interval of the posterior distribution in each figure.
Table 4.
Pollinator visitation rates with respect to robbing between robbed and unrobbed FDPs.
Fig 7.
Main pollinators (A) Bombus eximius and (B) Apis cerana pollinating A. roxburghii flowers.