Fig 1.
Schematic of miRNA processing.
The preliminary miRNA (pre-miRNA) containing the mature 5’ (red) or 3’ (blue) strand is transported out of the nucleus by exportan5 in complex with RAN•GTP, and released into the cytoplasm. The pre-miRNA is cleaved by the endonuclease III, Dicer, to produce the mature duplex miRNA of ~22 bases per strand. The mature duplex miRNA is then loaded onto a argonaute (AGO) protein where it is unwound, the passenger strand is released, and the guide strand is arranged in the A-form conformation (modelled here as either or both the 5’ and 3’ strand is used as the guide strand). The target mRNA (lime green or magenta) is bound to the complex, resulting the suppression of its translation and protein synthesis. EXP5 (green) was modelled from PDB id:3A6P, Dicer (purple) was from PDB id:4NH5, and AGO (brown) was modelled from PDB id:4W5R.
Fig 2.
A) The chemical structures of neomycin, which was used as the positive control in the assay, B) the F-neo probe, C) the neomycin-amino acid conjugate, and D) the equilibrium between the monanion and dianion fluorescein and F-neo.
Fig 3.
The screening of the 20 miRNA duplexes containing the mature miRNA sequence.
The miRNAs were screened for the change in fluorescence with the addition of equal molar concentrations of the probe F-neo. The 27 base model of the E. coli A-site is included as a positive control. The miRNA with the highest change in fluorescence, hsa-miR 504, the tumour suppressing miRNA with the lowest change in fluorescence, has-miR 142, and the oncogene with the lowest change in fluorescence, has-miR 335, were chosen for assay development and compound screening.
Fig 4.
The shift in the pKa of F-neo in the presence of mature duplex miRNA.
A) The absorbance spectra of 1 μM F-neo in 10 mM NaPO4, 25 mM KCl, and 0.05 mM EDTA pH 7.2, 6.4, and 5.0. B) The absorbance at 490 nm of F-neo as a function of pH in the absence (black) and presence (blue) of the mature duplex hsa-miR 504.
Fig 5.
The determination of the apparent dissociation constant of F-neo from miRNA binding sites.
Each miRNA was titrated into 100 nM F-neo. The titration was performed as the concentration of binding sites (Ψ). For (A) hsa-miR 142 and (B) hsa-miR 335, Ψ is equal to the number of moles of miRNA. (C) hsa-miR 504 has two binding sites on each molecule of miRNA, so Ψ is equal to two times the concentration of hsa-miR 504. (D) pre-hsa-miR 504 Ψ equals six times the concentration of miRNA.
Fig 6.
The secondary structure of mature duplex miRNAs and Pre-miRNA screened with the F-neo displacement assay for binding with PA library.
The secondary structure predictions were taken miRbase [56–60]. Mature duplex miRNAs were constructed by the removal of bases from the pre-miRNA predictions not included in the mature sequence.
Table 1.
Summary of miRNA binding results.
Fig 7.
Schematic of F-neo displacement assay for miRNA binding compounds.
The fluorescence of F-neo (yellow, stick; fluorescence indicated when present) is quenched when bound in the groove of either the mature duplex or pre-miRNA. The addition of a miRNA binding compound, neomycin (cyan, stick), displaces the F-neo. The displacement of F-neo results in an increase in fluorescence. The mature miRNA is shown as a red (5’ strand) and blue (3’ strand) surface, and the addition of the loop region shown as a sky blue surface represents the pre-miRNA. The location of the binding site on the miRNA is highlighted with a black box was identified by docking experiments using Autodock Vina [61].
Table 2.
Average binding of all Neomycin conjugates to miRNAs.
Fig 8.
The IC50 determination of compounds for mature duplex hsa-miR 504.
The IC50 for each compound was determined from a sigmoidal fit of a titration of the designated compound into 100 nM F-neo, 50 nM mature duplex hsa-miR 504 in 10 mM NaPO4, 25 mM KCl, 0.05 mM EDTA at pH 6.5. All measurements were taken in a 96-well black Greiner plate using a Tecan Infinite M-1000 plate reader with an excitation of 485 nm and an emission of 525 nm.
Table 3.
The ranking of binding affinity for select PA compounds for hsa-miR 504.
Table 4.
Compound classes with large deviations from the mean binding of the compound library.
Fig 9.
Relative expression of miR-142 levels after treatment of 20 uM DPA compounds for 48 hrs.
The miRNA levels are normalized to U6 snRNA. Data are plotted as mean ± SEM *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, unpaired two-tailed t test, n = 3.
Fig 10.
Relative expression of miR-335 levels after treatment of 20 uM DPA compounds for 48 hrs.
The miRNA levels are normalized to U6 snRNA. Data are plotted as mean ± SEM *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, unpaired two-tailed t test, n = 3.
Fig 11.
Relative expression of miR-504 levels after treatment of 20 uM DPA compounds for 48 hrs.
The miRNA levels are normalized to U6 snRNA. Data are plotted as mean ± SEM *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, unpaired two-tailed t test, n = 3.