Fig 1.
Map of Zambia showing the five main areas sampled: LV (Luangwa Valley); CO (Corridor); ZA (Lower Zambezi); KF (Kafue); and SI (Sioma Ngwezi).
Eastern region consists of LV, CO and ZA. Western region consists of KF and SI. More detailed location information for each sample is available in S1 Table.
Table 1.
Number of males (♂), females (♀), and with unknown gender (?) for each haplotype is indicated for all areas sampled in Zambia along with the haplotype frequencies.
Haplotypes H1, H9 and H11 were previously described by Antunes et al. [13]. Haplotypes Z1-Z5 are novel.
Table 2.
Percent variation is given among populations (Va) and within groups (Vb). The significance of differentiation within and among populations was tested by 1,000 permutations.
Fig 2.
Geographic location of lion samples and phylogenetic relationship of 12S-16S.
(A) Range-wide map of lions sampled. Circles indicate geographic locations for populations determined by Antunes et al. [13]. Zambia is denoted by a square. All locations aside from ZAM (Zambia) were established by Antunes et al. [13]: UGA (Uganda); KEN (Kenya); SER (Serengeti National Park, Tanzania); NGC (Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania); KRU (Kruger National Park, South Africa); BOT-I (Southern Botswana and Kalahari, South Africa); BOT-II (Northern Botswana); NAM (Namibia); GIR (Gir Forest, India); ANG (Angola); ZBW (Zimbabwe); and MOR (Morocco). (B) Bayesian analysis with posterior probability values on the nodes. H1-H12 are haplotypes that were described by Antunes et al. [13] and Z1-Z5 are novel haplotypes so far only found within Zambia.
Table 3.
Nucleotide position for each polymorphic site.
Fig 3.
Nei’s distance (d) and average number of pairwise differences within and between populations.
Fig 4.
Median-joining network of 12S-16S haplotypes.
Orange indicates haplotypes found in the western sub-population and yellow indicates haplotypes found in the eastern sub-population. Circle sizes of haplotypes found in Zambia are proportional to haplotype frequency. Red circles indicate median vectors. Blue circles indicate haplotypes not found in Zambia. H1-H12 are haplotypes which were described by Antunes et al. [13] and Z1-Z5 are novel haplotypes so far only found within Zambia.
Table 4.
Molecular diversity indices and nucleotide composition.