Table 1.
Human Challenge Studies Contributing Samples to This Study.
Table 2.
Characteristics of Vomiting as a Symptom.
Fig 1.
Subjects With More Vomiting Events Have Higher Cumulative Virus Titers.
Cumulative virus titers are calculated by multiplying each sample’s virus titer by the sample volume and summing across all of the emesis samples from a subject. Vomiting events occurring within 15 minutes were considered a single event and the samples were combined for analysis. Each point represents a unique challenge subject, except at the baseline where multiple points overlap. Seven subjects vomited once and virus was not detected in any of those samples. Two subjects vomited twice and both samples were negative for virus.
Table 3.
Norovirus Titers in Emesis.
Fig 2.
Viral Titers in Emesis and Stool from Representative Challenge Subjects.
Selected subjects provided stool and emesis samples during the first 100 hours after challenge, allowing comparisons of stool and emesis viral titers in the same timeframe. Panels A and B are from subjects in study 1 infected with GI.1 Norwalk virus. Panel C is a subject in study 3 infected with GII.2 Snow Mountain virus. Panel D is a subject in study 4 infected with GII.1 Hawaii virus.
Fig 3.
Correlation Between Sample pH and Detection of Virus.
GI positive samples are from studies 1 and 2, both GI.1 Norwalk virus. GII positive samples are from studies 3 and 4, GII.2 Snow Mountain virus and GII.1 Hawaii virus, respectively. Negative samples is a compilation of negative samples from all four studies.