Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics and Laboratory Data of All Participants According to CKD Stages.
Values for categorical variables are given as number (percentage); values for continuous variables are given as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range). Abbreviations: eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESA, erythropoiesis-stimulating agent; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; PTH, parathyroid hormone; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; UPCR, urinary protein to creatinine ratio.
Fig 1.
Segmentation of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and normalization of gray matter volume (GMV) and white matter volume (WMV).
Representative axial brain image of T1-weighted MRI and segmented images of gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid are shown. To normalize for head size variability, GMV and WMV were normalized by dividing by the total intracranial volume, calculated by adding GMV, WMV, and cerebrospinal fluid space volume.
Table 2.
TMT Scores and MRI measurements of All Participants According to CKD Stages.
Abbreviations: CSFV, cerebrospinal fluid volume; GMV, gray matter volume; TICV, total intracranial volume; TMT, Trail Making Test; WMV, white matter volume.
Fig 2.
Correlations between age and normalized gray matter volume (GMV) and normalized white matter volume (WMV).
A significant inverse correlation is found between age and normalized GMV (A), while no correlation is found between age and normalized WMV (B).
Fig 3.
Correlations between normalized gray matter volume (GMV) and the scores (times in seconds) of Trail Making Test (TMT).
Significant inverse correlations are found between normalized GMV and each score of TMT-A (A), TMT-B (B), and ΔTMT (C).
Fig 4.
Correlations between normalized white matter volume (WMV) and the scores (times in seconds) of Trail Making Test (TMT).
No correlations are found between normalized WMV and each score of TMT-A (A), TMT-B (B), and ΔTMT (C).
Table 3.
Univariable and Multivariable-Adjusted Regression Analyses of Correlation between Normalized Whole-Brain GMV and TMT Scores in All Participants.
Model I: Multivariable analysis adjusted for sex and age. Model II: Model I + diabetes mellitus, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and education. Model III: Model II + systolic blood pressure, smoking habits, drinking habits, hemoglobin, previous history of cardiovascular disease, and log-transformed urinary protein to creatinine ratio. Abbreviations: TMT, Trail Making Test.
Table 4.
Univariable and Multivariable-Adjusted Regression Analyses of Correlation between Normalized Whole-Brain GMV and TMT Scores in Participants Stratified by eGFR (<45 vs. ≥45 mL/min/1.73 m2).
Model I: Multivariable analysis adjusted for sex and age. Model II: Model I + diabetes mellitus, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and education. Model III: Model II + systolic blood pressure, smoking habits, drinking habits, hemoglobin, previous history of cardiovascular disease, and log-transformed urinary protein to creatinine ratio. Abbreviations: eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; TMT, Trail Making Test.
Table 5.
Univariable and Multivariable-Adjusted Regression Analyses of Correlation between Normalized Whole-Brain GMV and TMT Scores in Participants Stratified by Age (<65 vs. ≥65 years).
Model I: Multivariable analysis adjusted for sex and age. Model II: Model I + diabetes mellitus, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and education. Model III: Model II + systolic blood pressure, smoking habits, drinking habits, hemoglobin, previous history of cardiovascular disease, and log-transformed urinary protein to creatinine ratio. Abbreviation: GMV, gray matter volume; TMT, Trail Making Test.
Table 6.
Univariable and Multivariable-Adjusted Regression Analyses of Correlation between Normalized Regional GMV and TMT.
Abbreviations: GMV, gray matter volume; TMT, Trail Making Test.
Table 7.
Univariable and Multivariable-Adjusted Regression Analyses for Normalized GMV.
Abbreviations: CRP, C-reactive protein; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESA, erythropoiesis-stimulating agent; GMV, gray matter volume; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; PTH, parathyroid hormone; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; UPCR, urinary protein to creatinine ratio.