Fig 1.
Chemical structures of deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON) and moniliformin (MON).
Fig 2.
Cellular viability of PBCEC after 48 h incubation with DON, 3-AcDON and MON compared to the negative control analyzed with the CCK-8-assay (n = 18).
Significant differences to the negative control are labeled. As positive control 10 μM T-2 toxin was used.
Fig 3.
Relative TEER (A, n = 9) and electrical capacitance cCL (B, n = 9) monitored for 48 h incubation after 10 μM toxin (DON: also 1 μM) incubation on PBCEC and sucrose permeability pc(14C sucrose) after 48 h (C, n = 18) using cellular impedance spectroscopy.
Data are normalized to the TEER and cCL at the beginning of the experiment. Average standard deviations for TEER: 6% (max. 15%); Average standard deviations for cCL 2% (max. 7%). Error bars are not shown for the purpose of diagram clarity in A and B. Variations in A and B after 1, 2.5, 6.5, 18, 24, 28, 42, 48 h are due to sampling intervals for transfer studies. Significant differences in A and B between negative control and mycotoxin incubation are given, if differences maintained at least the given level of significance continuously until the end of the experiment. In diagram C DON, 3-AcDON and MON are compared to its solvent control containing 1% ACN, to determine significant differences.
Fig 4.
Transfer of 10 μM DON (A), 1 μM DON (B), 10 μM 3-AcDON (C), and 10 μM MON (D) to the basolateral (bas) compartment after application to the apical (ap) compartment of PBCEC in a time-dependent manner (n = 9).
The distribution is normalized to the initial amount of substance (7.6 nmol, (B): 760 nmol) in the apical compartment. Areas shaded from bottom left to top right represent amounts of the toxin in the bas compartment, whereas areas shaded from top left to bottom right illustrate the amounts in the ap compartment. As the volumes of the apical and basolateral compartment vary, an equilibrium concentration between ap and bas is reached, at an ap/bas amount ratio of 32%/68%, which corresponds to a volume ratio of 0.76 mL/1.65 mL.
Table 1.
Permeability coefficients of the tested mycotoxins compared to the negative permeability marker 14C sucrose from the apical to the basolateral compartment of a PBCEC monolayer (n = 9).
Fig 5.
Recovery of 200 nM DON (A), 200 nM 3-AcDON (B), and 200 nM MON (C) applied to the apical and basolateral compartment in a time-dependent manner (n = 6) on a PBCEC monolayer.
Due to the different volumes of both compartments, the sum of both compartments does not yield 400 nM in total at all given points in time. Significant differences between mycotoxin concentrations in the apical (ap) and basolateral (bas) compartment are labeled.