Fig 1.
Fingerspelled versions of NIE ‘no’: N-I-E and #NIE.
The individual in this figure has given written informed consent (as outlined in PLOS consent form) to publish these case details.
Fig 2.
Two ways of articulating the fingerspelled loan sign #NIE: lexically or expressively.
The two individuals in this figure have given written informed consent (as outlined in PLOS consent form) to publish these case details.
Fig 3.
PJM sign ZDĄŻYĆ ‘make it’ with the grammaticalized negative prefix NEG-.
(A) the lexicalized loan #NIE (B) the lexical base ZDĄŻYĆ ‘make it’ (C) prefixed sign NEG+ZDĄŻYĆ ‘miss’. The individual in this figure has given written informed consent (as outlined in PLOS consent form) to publish these case details.
Fig 4.
PJM sign ZGADZAĆ-SIĘ ‘agree’ with the grammaticalized negative prefix NEG-.
(A) the lexicalized loan #NIE (B) the lexical base ZGADZAĆ-SIĘ ‘agree’ (C) prefixed sign NEG+ZGADZAĆ-SIĘ ‘disagree’. The individual in this figure has given written informed consent (as outlined in PLOS consent form) to publish these case details.
Table 1.
Examples of prefixed PJM signs as negated verbs or adjectives.
Fig 5.
Handshape and location assimilation in the prefixed sign NEG+ROZUMIEĆ.
(A) the lexical base ROZUMIEĆ ‘understand’ (B) prefixed sign NEG+ROZUMIEĆ ‘not understand’. The individual in this figure has given written informed consent (as outlined in PLOS consent form) to publish these case details.
Fig 6.
Examples of a suppletive negative and a negative suffix.
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Table 2.
Comparison of selected types of irregular negatives.
Table 3.
Signs that can (left column) and cannot (right column) take the prefix NEG-.
Fig 7.
The individual in this figure has given written informed consent (as outlined in PLOS consent form) to publish these case details.
Fig 8.
The comparison of two signs with identical sequences of movements: convex arc-straight.
Abbreviations: ω, word; μ, morpheme; ơ, syllable. The two individuals in this figure have given written informed consent (as outlined in PLOS consent form) to publish these case details.
Fig 9.
The PJM signs SPRAWIEDLIWE ‘fair’ and NEG+SPRAWIEDLIWE ‘unfair’.
The individual in this figure has given written informed consent (as outlined in PLOS consent form) to publish these case details.
Table 4.
Comparison of morphological constraints on sequential compounding and prefixation.
Table 5.
Comparison of phonological constraints on sequential compounding and prefixation.