Fig 1.
Flowers, fruits and pollen of selected Disepalum species.
(A) Flower of Disepalum pulchrum. (B) Flower of Disepalum anomalum. (C) Flower of Disepalum platypetalum. (D) Pollen octad of Disepalum petelotii (Pételot 5471, A; scanning electron micrograph). (E) Mature fruit of Disepalum anomalum. (F) Immature fruit of Disepalum pulchrum. (G) Staminate flower of Disepalum anomalum, visited by meliponine bee. (H) Immature theca of Disepalum anomalum (longitudinal section), showing septum (arrowed) between thecal chambers (P.S. Li LPS1, HKU). (I) Dehisced anther of Disepalum petelotii (Pételot 5471, A; scanning electron micrograph). Photographs: (C) Mitsuru Hotta, reproduced from [5], courtesy of Research Center for the South Pacific, Kagoshima University; (E), courtesy of Chin Cheung Tang. Scale bars: D, H = 25 μm; I = 200 μm.
Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for each of the four cpDNA and two nDNA regions and the concatenated datasets, including the number and proportion of excluded sites, missing data, variable sites and parsimony-informative sites.
Table 2.
Best-fitting models and parameter values for separate and combined datasets.
Table 3.
Matrix of morphological character states used for character mapping.
Table 4.
The p-values of pairwise incongruence length difference (ILD) tests among the six chloroplast and nuclear DNA markers.
Fig 2.
Bayesian 50% majority-rule consensus tree under partitioned model based on combined cpDNA (matK, trnL-F, ndhF and ycf1) and nDNA (AP3 and phyA) DNA sequence data.
Numbers at nodes indicate MP, ML bootstrap values (> 50%) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (> 95%). Bootstrap values < 50% are indicated by ‘-’. Scale bar: 0.02 substitutions per site.
Table 5.
Evaluation of phylogenetic signal of the nine selected morphological characters using Pagel’s λ, resultant ancestral character state by parsimony optimization and average proportional likelihoods by likelihood ancestral character reconstruction based on Bayesian trees generated under partitioned model using combined data of four cpDNA (matK, trnL-F, ndhF and ycf1) and two nDNA (AP3 and phyA) markers.
Table 6.
Bayesian ancestral character reconstruction across 90,000 Bayesian input trees generated under partitioned model using combined data of four cpDNA (matK, trnL-F, ndhF and ycf1) and two nDNA (AP3 and phyA) markers.
Fig 3.
Likelihood ancestral character state estimation for Disepalum and the tribe Annoneae across 90,000 Bayesian input trees, mapped on the Bayesian majority-rule consensus tree under a partitioned model based on combined cpDNA (matK, trnL-F, ndhF and ycf1) and nDNA (AP3 and phyA) sequence data.
(A) Number of sepals (character 1). (B) Number of petal whorls (character 3). (C) Presence of pigment at base of petals (character 4). (D) Mean length of stamens (character 5). Pie charts at each node show the percentage of node absence in the input trees and the average likelihood received by each state across all input trees possessing that node. Grey circles indicate unknown character states.
Fig 4.
Likelihood ancestral character state estimation for Disepalum and the tribe Annoneae across 90,000 Bayesian input trees, mapped on the Bayesian majority-rule consensus tree under a partitioned model based on combined cpDNA (matK, trnL-F, ndhF and ycf1) and nDNA (AP3 and phyA) sequence data.
(A) Mean number of carpels (character 6). (B) Pollen unit (character 7). (C) Presence of carpophores (character 8). (D) Persistence of perianth in fruit (character 9). Pie charts at each node show the percentage of node absence in the input trees and the average likelihood received by each state across all input trees possessing that node. Grey circles indicate unknown character states.