Fig 1.
Flow diagram outlining the experimental design.
Table 1.
Pre-treatment methods applied to heat-inactivated LAB cells.
Fig 2.
Effects of cell viability on patulin-elimination abilities of LAB cells.
Bars represent means of triplicate assays and error bars represent SD. Values of bars labeled by different lowercase letters were significantly different (P < 0.05).
Fig 3.
Scanning electron micrographs of untreated heat-inactivated LAB cells (Type A) and the heat-inactivated cells pre-treated with NaOH (Type F), formaldehyde (Type G), methanol (Type I), lysozyme (Type P) and the solvent control (Type p').
Magnification 20,000×. Bar, 2.0 μm.
Fig 4.
Effects of pre-treatments on patulin adsorption abilities of heat-inactivated LAB cells.
Bars represent means of triplicate assays and error bars represent SD. Values of bars labeled by different lowercase letters were significantly different (P < 0.05).
Fig 5.
Effects of pH on patulin adsorption abilities of heat-inactivated LAB cells.
Bars represent means of triplicate assays and error bars represent SD. Values of bars labeled by different lowercase letters were significantly different (P < 0.05).
Fig 6.
Effects of different concentrations of NaCl (□) and MgCl2 (■) on patulin adsorption abilities of heat-inactivated LAB cells.
Data shown are the mean ± SD. of triplicates.
Fig 7.
The amounts of patulin recovered from washes.
The adsorbed amount of patulin was determined after incubating untreated heat-inactivated cells (0.01 g) with a patulin solution (2 mL, 4 mg/L) for 72 h at 37°C. The cell-patulin complexes were subjected to three washes with 2 mL of acetic acid solution, and the amount of recovered patulin was quantitated. Bars represent means of triplicate assays and error bars represent SD.
Fig 8.
Effects of different solvents on percentages of patulin released from washed cell-patulin complexes.
Bars represent means of triplicate assays and error bars represent SD. Values of bars labeled by different lowercase letters were significantly different (P < 0.05).
Table 2.
Comprehensive effects of pre-treatments on microbial cells.
Table 3.
Major effects of pre-treatments on special constituents of microbial cells.