Table 1.
Infant age, gender, timing of relevant vaccinations and sample exclusions.
Table 2.
Ex vivo CD4 T cell immune activation, Tregs and memory cell phenotypes.
Fig 1.
Single cytokine CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses to vaccine antigens.
The magnitude of CD4 (A) and CD8 (B) T-cell IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α or any cytokine (Any) responses following short term stimulation with PPD in HIV-unexposed (HU) and HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants in month 3 (M3) and month 12 (M12) age groups. Similarly, the magnitude of cytokine responses to TT are shown in (C) for CD4 T-cells only. The horizontal black line is the median frequency of T-cells expressing the indicated cytokine or any cytokine. The Mann Whitney U test was used to assess differences between the two groups.
Fig 2.
Polyfunctional CD4 T-cell responses to stimulation with vaccine antigens and following polyclonal stimulation with SEB.
(A) CD4 T-cells expressing combinations of IFN-γ, IL-2 and/or TNF-α were analysed using Boolean gating following short-term stimulation with PPD in HIV-unexposed (HU) and HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants in the month 3 (M3) age group. (B) A similar analysis is shown assessing TT responses in the month 12 (M12) age group. Similarly, polyfunctional SEB responses in M3 (C) and M12 (D) age groups are shown. The black line is the median frequency of T cells expressing the indicated cytokine combination, the box is the interquartile range and the whiskers the 10th and 90th percentiles. The Mann Whitney U test was used to assess differences between the two groups.
Fig 3.
Single cytokine CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses to polyclonal stimulation with SEB.
The magnitude of CD4 (A) and CD8 (B) T-cell IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α or any cytokine (Any) responses following short-term stimulation with SEB in HIV-unexposed (HU) and HIV- exposed uninfected (HEU) infants in month 3 (M3) and month 12 (M12) age groups. The black line is the median frequency of T-cells expressing the indicated cytokine or any cytokine. The Mann Whitney U test was used to assess differences between the two groups.
Fig 4.
Memory phenotype of vaccine antigen responsive CD4 T-cells.
(A) Analysis of the memory phenotype of CD4 T-cells that express any cytokine (IFN-γ, IL-2 or TNF-α) in response to short-term stimulation with PPD. (B) A similar analysis was carried out following short-term stimulation with TT. Comparisons were made between HIV-unexposed (HU) and HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants at month 3 (M3) and month 12 (M12) age groups. The horizontal line in the box and whisker plots is the median percentage of cytokine secreting T-cells with a particular surface memory phenotype, the box is the interquartile range and the whiskers the 10th and 90th percentiles. TCM: central memory, TEM: effector memory, TEMRA: effector memory that re-express CD45RA. The Mann Whitney U test was used to assess differences between the two groups.