Fig 1.
Normalized F0 traces of (a) six Cantonese tones and (b) two English stress patterns in the stimuli /sula/. Both tone and stress stimuli were produced by a bilingual female Cantonese speaker. /su1la1/ = high level (55), /su2 la/ = high rising (25), /su3la1/ = mid level (33), /su4la1/ = low falling (21), /su5la1/ = low rising (23), /su6la1/ = low level (22). /'sula/ = initial stressed syllable, /su'la/ = final stressed syllable.
Fig 2.
(a) Means showing proportion of correct responses (i.e. accuracy rates) for the three groups of participants toward Cantonese tone contrasts and English stress contrasts. Error bar represents 95% confidence intervals. (b) Means showing mean response latencies (i.e., reaction times) for the three groups of participants toward Cantonese tone contrasts and English stress contrasts. Error bar represents 95% confidence intervals.
Fig 3.
Mean Percentages of correct response for all 15 tone contrasts for all three groups.
Table 1.
Means, Standard Deviations, and Comparisons between Different Acoustic Parameters for the Six Cantonese Tones.
Table 2.
Means, Standard Deviations, and Comparisons between Contour Acoustic Parameters for T2, T4 and T5.
Table 3.
Means and Standard Deviations of B1, B2, B3 and B4 for the Six Cantonese Tones.
Fig 4.
Spectral energy of the six Cantonese lexical tones across the four bands.
Table 4.
Means, Standard Deviations, and Comparisons between Different Acoustic Parameters for the Four Stress Conditions.
Fig 5.
Spectral energy of the four stress conditions across the four bands.
Table 5.
Correlations between Perceptual Performance and Various Acoustic Correlates of Lexical Tone for Child and Adult Cantonese-English Bilinguals and Adult English Monolinguals.