Table 1.
Light irradiation regime in a H. sosnowskyi monostand (July, 2012).
VS: light of the visible spectrum, PAR: photosynthetically active radiation (400–700 nm waveband); UV: ultraviolet radiation; symbols “a”, “b”, “c” designate the same groups in table columns segregated by Duncan's new multiple range test with a significance level at 0.05.
Table 2.
The dynamics of plant density at different age stages in a H. sosnowskyi monostand: mean number of individuals per m2.
“*”: The density of dead plants from the previous growing season. The median of the sample is shown. IQR of the sample is shown in parentheses.
Table 3.
Morthometric traits of generative H. sosnowskyi plants in budding and flowering growth stages.
“–” designates “no data”. The mean and standard deviation of samples is shown.
Fig 1.
Heracleum sosnowskyi soil seed bank dynamics over a 12-month period (September 2012 to September 2013).
Fig 2.
(a) Leaf area index and (b) height of Heracleum sosnowskyi leaf layers.
Plant groups and plant parts: s–seedlings (N = 10); j—juvenile plants (N = 14), v—vegetative adult plants (N = 15); m3–m6 are generative plant metameres (N = 38): m3—leaves of first three metameres, and m4, m5, and m6—leaves of 4th, 5th, and 6th metameres, respectively.
Fig 3.
Dormant generative buds of adult vegetative Heracleum sosnowskyi plants.
1- terminal bud, 2- lateral bud.
Fig 4.
Generative Heracleum sosnowskyi plant underground portion.
The caudex with roots and leaves (1- buds formed in zone II, 2- buds formed in zone I of shoot).
Fig 5.
Specific leaf area (SLA) at different metameres stem of Heracleum sosnowskyi.
Symbols “a”, “b”, “c” designate the same groups segregated by Duncan's new multiple range test with a significance level at 0.05.
Table 4.
Biomass allocation of H. sosnowskyi generative plants in budding and flowering growth stages.
“*”: difference is significant with p < 0.01 with a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The mean and standard deviation of samples is shown.
Table 5.
Photosynthetic pigment content and their ratio in H. sosnowskyi leaves of different layers (flowering stage, June 2013).
“Chl”: chlorophyll, “Car”: carotenoids. LHC-Chl–Chlorophyll portion in Light-harvesting complexes. Symbols “a”, “b” designate the same groups in table columns segregated by Duncan's new multiple range test with a significance level at 0.05. The mean and standard error of mean of samples is shown.
Fig 6.
Net photosynthesis (a), transpiration rate (b) and water use efficiency (c) as a function of light in Heracleum sosnowskyi leaves.
1—seedlings, 2—juvenile plants, 3—vegetative adult plants, 4—generative plants.
Table 6.
The Parameters of the Modified Michaelis-Menten model.
For all data presented, P < 0.05. The mean and standard error of mean of samples is shown.
Table 7.
Parameters of the Light Curve of Net Photosynthesis in Heracleum sosnowskyi Leaves.
QY: photosynthetic quantum yield (calculated as the tangent of the slope ratio of the light curve at low light intensities: 0–100 μM photons m-2c-1), LCP: Light Compensation Point is the light intensity at which the total CO2-exchange is equal to zero, PMAX: maximum photosynthesis rate, Pmax*—maximum photosynthesis rate calculated by SLA, IRA: intensity of radiation adaptation, PIRA: photosynthesis rate at IRA. For the QY P-value < 0.0001. The mean and standard error of mean of samples is shown.