Fig 1.
The geometry of the metamaterial unit-cell.
Fig 2.
The geometry of the conventional (left) and the metamaterial-embedded (right) PIFA.
Fig 3.
Surface Current distribution: (a) conventional PIFA at 0.9 GHz, (b) conventional PIFA at 1.8 GHz, (c) Metamaterial-embedded PIFA at 0.9 GHz, and (d) metamaterial-embedded PIFA at 1.8 GHz.
Table 1.
Design specifications of metamaterial unit-cell.
Fig 4.
(a) Mobile phone model with antenna and (b) SAM phantom with mobile phone.
Table 2.
The material properties used in the simulation.
Fig 5.
Effective parameters of the metamaterial: (a) effective permittivity, (b) effective permeability, and (c) effective refractive index.
Fig 6.
Reflection coefficient of antenna for different configurations.
Fig 7.
Gain radiation patterns for: (a) conventional PIFA at 0.9 GHz, (b) conventional PIFA at 1.8 GHz, (c) metamaterial PIFA at 0.9 GHz, and (d) metamaterial PIFA at 1.8 GHz.
Table 3.
Radiation efficiency and gain.
Table 4.
SAR values for conventional and metamaterial antenna.
Fig 8.
(a) Fabricated prototype of conventional (top) and metamaterial embedded (bottom) PIFA and (b) COMOSAR Measurement setup for SAR evaluation.
Fig 9.
(a) Measured and simulated reflection coefficient of proposed metamaterial PIFA and (b) measured and simulated SAR values of proposed metamaterial PIFA.